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Tuesday, August 18, 2015

El Yoga de Meditación

Bhagavad-gita resumen capítulo VI, El Yoga de la Meditación.

नारायणं नमस्कृत्य नरं चैव नरोत्तमम्

 देवीं सरस्वतीं चैव ततो जयम् उदीरयेत्

महाभारत
Mahābhārata
Una versión de
Michael Dolan, B.V. Mahāyogi
Bhagavad-gītā
Capítulo VI
El Yoga de Meditación


El 5º capítulo del Bhagavad Gita ha sido resumido por Yamuna Acharya: en su gitārthasamgraha: कर्मयोगस्य सौकर्यं शैघ्र्यं काश्चन तद्विधः। ब्रह्मज्ञान प्रकारश्च पञ्चम्माध्याय उच्यते॥ karmayogasya saukaryaṃ śaighryaṃ kāścana tad vidhaḥ| brahmajñāna prakāraś ca pañcammādhyāya ucyate||
El 5º Capitulo, establece una vía de práctica sencilla y de rápida eficacia, el karma-yoga, algunos otros tópicos similares y el conocimiento de Brahmán.” Bhaktivedānta Swāmī se refiere a este capítulo acerca de karma-yoga como “Acción en Consciencia de Kṛṣṇa.
Él comenta, “Este Capítulo Quinto es una explicación práctica del proceso de conciencia de Kṛṣṇa, generalmente conocido como karma-yoga. Aquí se contesta la pregunta producto de la especulación mental, acerca de cómo el karma-yoga puede brindar la liberación. Trabajar con conciencia de Kṛṣṇa es trabajar con pleno conocimiento de que el Señor es el predominante. Ese trabajo no es diferente del conocimiento trascendental. El proceso directo de conciencia de Kṛṣṇa es el bhakti-yoga, y el jñāna-yoga es un sendero que conduce al bhakti-yoga.”
Su punto aquí es que cuando uno se halla en el conocimiento trascendental completo de la relación entre el alma y la Súper Alma, naturalmente dedicará sus acciones en amor divino o bhakti-yoga. Un alma verdaderamente realizada llegará a la conclusión de que la acción llevada a cabo en amor es la mejor forma de conocimiento. Por ello, tanto karma y jñāna culminan en  bhakti.
Puesto que Arjuna ha expresado un interés en entender la naturaleza de la meditación, Kṛṣṇa se expande en el entendimiento del yoga místico en el sexto capítulo, llamado el yoga de la meditación, dhyana-yoga.
Kṛṣṇa continúa, “cuando uno ya no está apegado a los objetos de los sentidos ni a la acción, y cuando uno renuncia todo se resuelve, entonces uno se dice que se ha elevado a la devoción. Para quien controla la mente, su mente es el mejor amigo. Quienes fallan en controlar la mente pronto hallarán que su propia mente es su peor enemigo. Quien es imparcial y estable en su ser lo mismo en medio del frío que el calor, el placero o el dolor y también ante la honra o deshonra. El que ve como iguales a sus simpatizantes, amigos, enemigos, extranjeros y a aquellos que son distintos a él se distingue por encima de todos los demás.”
Ya que Arjuna le ha pedido a Kṛṣṇa que le ilumine en la senda del yoga, Kṛṣṇa empieza una disertación acerca de la naturaleza de aṣṭanga yoga, o la senda óctuple de la iluminación. Le dice a Arjuna que para practicar el yoga uno ha de ir a un sitio silencioso, tranquilo, santo y apartado.
Uno ha de colocar pasto kuśa sobre el suelo y cubrirlo luego con una piel de venado y una tela suave. El asiento no ha de estar muy alto ni muy bajo y ha de estar situado en un lugar sagrado. El yogī debe entonces sentarse en él muy firmemente y practicar yoga, para purificar el corazón mediante el control de la mente, de los sentidos y de las actividades, y ha de fijar la mente en un punto.
Bhaktivedānta Swāmi es muy escéptico con la práctica moderna del yoga y halla muy poco autenticidad en esas sociedades que la practican. Señala que es muy difícil hallar sitios sagrados. Aún en India muchos de los sitios sagrados han sido contaminados. En todo caso, es muy difícil de alcanzar, en especial para los Occidentales.
Él dice, “Las llamadas sociedades de yoga en las grandes ciudades tal vez sean exitosas para obtener beneficios materiales, pero no todas son adecuadas para la práctica del yoga, Quien no es auto controlado y cuya mente no es imperturbable, no puede practicar la meditación.
Por ello en el  Bṛhan-naradiya Purāna se dice, “en la era de hierro de Kali cuando la gente vive poco, es lenta para la realización espiritual, y siempre está perturbada por diversas clases de ansiedades, el mejor método para la realización espiritual es el cantar el santo nombre del Señor. En esta era de riña hipócrita el único método de liberación es cantar el santo nombre del Señor, No hay otra forma. No hay otra forma. No hay otra forma.”
हरेर्नाम हरेर्नाम हरेर्नाम एव केवलम् कलौ नस्त्य् एव नस्त्य् एव नस्त्य् एव गतिर् अन्यथ

harer nāma harer nāma harer nāma eva kevalam kalau nasty eva nasty eva nasty eva gatir anyatha."
Bhaktivedanta Swāmī, Bhagavad-gītā Tal Como Es, Capítulo 6, verso 12.
hare kṛṣṇa hare kṛṣṇa kṛṣṇa kṛṣṇa hare hare
hare rāma hare rāma rāma rāma hare hare
हरे कृष्ण हरे कृष्ण कृष्ण कृष्ण हरे हरे

हरे राम हरे राम राम राम हरे हरे
En cualquier caso, Kṛṣṇa continúa la descripción del sistema de la senda óctuple del yoga. Explica el proceso para la meditación, el control de la respiración, el ayuno y el auto control físico, la regulación apropiada de la mente y la inteligencia, la purificación de la consciencia, el samadhi y el nirvana, que en este caso no significa el cese de la existencia material sino el final de nuestra participación en el mundo de la explotación.
La existencia material es temporal, por lo tanto ilusoria. Para el alma no hay cese, puesto que es eterna.
Arjuna rechaza el sistema yóguico por ser demasiado difícil para una persona ordinaria el practicarlo y pregunta, “¿Qué pasa al Yogui que cae? ¿No perece como una nube desgarrada sin posición en ninguna esfera?”
Kṛṣṇa le asegura, diciendo, “pero el trascendentalista ocupado en actividades favorables no se encuentra con la destrucción ni en este mundo no en el próximo. Uno que practica el bien nunca es vencido por el mal. La sinceridad es invencible.” Al final de acuerdo a Kṛṣṇa, el mejor yogī es aquel que escoge la senda del amor divino. Un yogī tal le es muy querido. Esta forma de yoga es llamada bhakti.
Kṛṣṇa concluye haciendo un caso  a favor de la devoción como el yoga más elevado. Termina el capítulo diciendo. “Y de todos los yoguis, aquel que con gran fe reside siempre en mí, que piensa en mí en su interior, y me rinde servicio trascendental: él es el mejor de todos los yoguis. Él es el más unido íntimamente a mí y al yoga y es el más elevado de todos. Esa es mi opinión.
योगिनाम् अपि सर्वेषां मद्गतेनान्तरात्मना श्रद्धावान् भजते योउ मां मे युक्ततमो मतः
yoginām api sarveṣāṃ madgatenāntarātmanā śraddhāvān bhajate you māṃ sa me yuktatamo mataḥ, BG. 6.47


Renunciation




Renunciación

नारायणं नमस्कृत्य नरं चैव नरोत्तमम्

 देवीं सरस्वतीं चैव ततो जयम् उदीरयेत्

महाभारत
Mahābhārata
Una version de
Michael Dolan, B.V. Mahāyogi
Bhagavad-Gītā
Resumen segunda parte:
¿Qué es Renunciación?

Ahora, Kṛṣṇa ha explicado verdaderamente todo de forma simple. Y sin embargo, Arjuna no está satisfecho. No entiende la diferencia entre karma, meditación, y yoga.
Si la auto-realización es tan importante, ¿por qué ha de pelear en lo absoluto?
¿No sería mejor para él renunciar a todo e irse al bosque como un yogui? ¿Qué tiene que ver la violencia con la auto-realización?

Lo que no entiende es que mientras que el mensaje de Kṛṣṇa es universal su aplicación pueda ser distinta dependiendo de la habilidad o nivel de consciencia.
La sociedad puede estar dividida en distintas clases de hombres y mujeres de acuerdo a sus cualidades. Algunos hombres y mujeres tienen cualidades intelectuales y profesionales. Otros de líder y de organizadores. Algunas personas son los mejores empresarios y hombres de negocios.
Y también, hay quienes funcionan bien en el servicio industrial o la producción en la manufactura de bienes. Estas divisiones sociales también son tratadas en el Bhagavad-Gītā.
El camino de uno hacia la auto-realización puede ser calificado por su posición dentro de la sociedad. Aunque todos somos iguales en espíritu, en la práctica tenemos diferentes capacidades para la auto-realización.

Hablando en general, no es un buen consejo decirle a un hombre de familia con muchas responsabilidades que abandone su vida material y camine en la senda de la renunciación.
No todos tienen la misma vocación hacia la práctica espiritual.

El mensaje universal de sacrificio y dedicación ha de estar bien entonado para el individuo de acuerdo con su nivel personal o consciencia al igual que con su sitio en la sociedad.
Así que, Kṛṣṇa dice, no le queda a Arjuna el renunciar al mundo. La renuncia en la práctica del yoga no es para todos. Lo que es mejor para Arjuna- dice Kṛṣṇa, es el cumplir su deber como guerrero.
Cada uno de nosotros tenemos nuestra propia senda hacia la verdad; no es apropiado que abandonemos la senda que es adecuada a nosotros por otra senda más peligrosa. Uno quien sigue la senda de otro está destinado a la ruina.

El yoga de la renunciación es impropio para Arjuna, ya que su trabajo, su karma, y su deber, su Dharma, es de una naturaleza más pasional. Después de todo él es un guerrero tanto por nacimiento como por su entrenamiento.

Aquellos de una naturaleza más amable e intelectual, los brahmanes y sabios, los Santos vagabundos y los yoguis místicos de la era Védica pueden tomar la senda de la renunciación. Están, por naturaleza, más entregados a la auto-abnegación.
Las almas gentiles y santas llevan una vida de contemplación quieta; Arjuna está mejor situado para el combate y la competencia. Su corazón anhela competir con las armas. No está situado en la vida contemplativa de un yogui místico. Pero puede alcanzar la misma meta a través de la auto-dedicación a través del karma yoga.
Kṛṣṇa explica que no es la acción en sí a la que hay que renunciar, sino al apego por el resultado. Es mejor sacrificar el resultado de nuestro trabajo ante un poder superior. Uno ha de entender que tanto el trabajo como su resultado son temporales. Así que el verdadero sannyasa o renunciación consiste en abandonar nuestro apego por el resultado del trabajo.
Uno ha de esforzarse por la perfección, sacrificando los resultados de nuestro trabajo ante un poder superior. Kṛṣṇa dice que uno que ni odia ni desea los frutos de sus actividades es conocido como alguien que siempre renuncia. Una persona así, libre de toda dualidad, fácilmente sobrepasa las ataduras materiales y es liberado por completo.
Al principio del sexto capítulo, esto es reiterado por Kṛṣṇa de la siguiente manera:

śrī-bhagavān uvāca
anaśritaḥ karma-phalaṁ
kāryaṁ karma karoti yaḥ
sa sannyāsī ca yogī ca
na niragnir na cākriyaḥ

śrī bhagavān uvāca — el Señor dijo; anāśritaḥ — sin refugiarse; karma-phalam — del resultado del trabajo; kāryam — obligatorio; karma — trabajo; karoti — ejecuta; yaḥ — aquel que; saḥ — él; sannyāsī — en la orden de renuncia; ca — también; yogī — místico; ca — también; na — no; niḥ — sin; agniḥ — fuego; na — ni; ca — también; akriyaḥ — sin deber.

Traducción:
La Suprema Personalidad de Dios dijo: Aquel que no está apegado a los frutos de su trabajo y que trabaja tal como está obligado a hacerlo, se encuentra en la orden de vida de renuncia y es el verdadero místico, y no aquel que no enciende ningún fuego ni ejecuta ningún deber.


Monday, August 17, 2015

Blogging and Writing








Blogging

Writing a blog is much different from writing an essay or a book. A book is a long-term project with constant revisions. Whole chapters are thrown in the waste-bin, never to see the light of day.

Search for Shri Krishna was a long-term project that took two years from beginning to end. It was first published as a 32 page pamphlet. When Bhakti Sudhir Goswami and I saw the success it had we became more determined to go ahead with the project.

We invested in a typesetting machine that in those days was high technology: the Linoterm. Today it would be the Lino-turtle. It was a massive ton of metal and glass with a phototypesetting unit and a CPU. The CPU was the size of a desk and had 16K of memory.

The Linoterm today would be in the museum of Computer History: It held 2 floppy disks: one with the system and font information and the other for storage. Each held 128 K of storage. It took 5 minutes to boot up. The monitor displayed 5 lines of green phosphorescent type on a dark green background. Between 1982 and 1984 I worked 4 or 5 hours a day inputting typed transcripts.

The printout was a nightmare. Linoterm printed a roll of photo-sensitive paper that when exposed could be layed out on boards to be shot, burned into plates, and then the plates would be printed on an offset press. But the paper was exposed inside a light-proof canister. The canister looked like a large stainless steel coffe thermos.



I would then take the canister of burned paper into the dark-room, attached it to a film-processor, and lead the pape through rollers that would drag it through the chemicals. The processor had an exposing bath and a fixing bath. My job was to change the chemicals and keep the levels up. After five minutes or so, the paper canister would disgorge its contents into the chemical bath, fix the paper and spit them out the front in a continuous roll. I still have some of the original continuous rolls from a translation of Navadwip-dham Mahatmyam I was doing back then.

After I printed out a roll, I could look at the galley proofs. This is really where a lot of work was done. I would sit with Goswami Maharaja in conference after conference and we would try to fact-check, give structure to arguments, straighten out some of the most arcane English, Bengali, and Sanskrit from our gurudeva Bhakti Rakshak Shridhar Deva Goswami.

The process of book production and publication took up an entire two years, from start to finish. But it was worth it. Now, "Search for Shri Krishna is read all over the world. It's never been out of print since 1983. There are editions in French, German, Russian, Spanish, English, Hindi, Bengali, even Hungarian and Australian.

Goswami Maharaja and I would go back and forth on the revisions; every time we moved a comma I had to go back to the Linoterm, fire up its ancient boards, stare at the five lines of green type until I caught the mistake, and then more time in our tiny dark room with the chemicals. And yet our discussions were always the highlight of my day.

According to tradition, Vyasa narrates the Mahabharata to Ganesh in a continuous flow that stops only when the elephant-boy pauses to ponder its significance. Ganesh wouldn't write something that he himself didn't understand. He would pause to reflect, while Vyasa had time to compose. Goswami Maharaja and I felt that if we both understood something at least theoretically, it was worthy of printing. If neither of us could make sense out of a line from the book, we had to study it.

For example, once we had a transcription where Shridhar Maharaja was saying, "He is arriving by tooth or nail." We had never heard the expression but thought it might have been a quaint Bengali saying meaning "by any means possible." Still, on further examination we decided to listen to the tape again and again. Finally, we realized he was not saying "tooth or nail" but "Touffant Mail."

Then there were philosophical discussions, where we realized that the received version of an idea was different from what Shridhar Maharaja was saying. We had to get to the substance of his message and be thoroughly convinced that what we printed accurately represented his teaching.

Goswami Maharaja was a perfectionist and wouldn't print anything until he was 100 percent sure that both the substance and form of the book were correct. He taught me a lot about editing. I edited the transcripts and did my best to create a coherent argument from hours and hours of informal talks. Sometimes Shridhar Maharaja would begin a thought only to be interrupted in mid-conversation by some practical matter.

He would reflect on what he said and return to his point days or weeks later. My task was to ferret out the connections and reassemble them. In those days we had typewriters and tape recorders. There was no database or "Vedabase." I had to become a living database of a sort and remember which conversations took place on what day, look up Bengali and Sanskrit quotations and translate them. I edited the transcripts and tried to shape the arguments, Goswami Maharaja edited the concepts and shaped the book.

Book publishing is time-consuming and requires immense patience and dedication. I had a routine. Every morning I would get up early for aroti, do my 16 rounds, and attend class. After that it was 4 or 5 hours with the transcription and editing, or typesetting and printing, and then a session or two with Goswami Maharaja for editing discussions.  This practice disciplined my thinking.

Writing a blog is a completely different matter. I sit down in the mornings and write for 2 or 3 hours and then publish what I've written. There is no editing. Sometimes I wish I had an editor, because when I look at what I've done, I can see typographical errors, errors in style, and even substance. Some of my arguments don't hang together as well as I want them to. Writing on a MacBook Air I can type about 60 words a minute and that goes directly into cyberspace as soon as I push publish. I'm using a dictation program called Dragon Nuance and with that I can create text a lot faster. The only problem is that the speech recognition isn't 100% and makes a lot of strange errors that I don't always catch.

I push publish and the blog is instantly sent over fiber optics to India, China, Thailand, Russia, or wherever else it's being read.  But just as instantly as it is written and published it is forgotten and dismissed by the universal mind of cyberspace. A book takes longer to produce and much more tender loving care, but while it may reach a smaller audience it is taken more seriously.

I began writing this blog almost a year ago in November 2014. In November 2013, I got a call from Goswami Maharaja  inviting me to Thailand. There I met Avadhuta Maharaja  who encouraged me to continue writing. Avadhuta Maharaja has been a great inspiration to me, and I consider him to be genuine friend, the kind you meet once in a lifetime.

At his invitation I visited Kyiv, Ukraine and Moscow  and St. Petersburg in Russia  at this time last year.  My trip from Mexico took me to San Francisco, Tokyo, and Bangkok in Thailand, to the yoga ashram in the north of Thailand. Returning to Mexico, I began working on various literary projects when I was called to visit Ukraine and Russia. By this time last year I had been around the world twice in less than 12 months.

So when I was again invited to travel around the world, I decided to begin writing a blog in part because what I was doing was so unbelievable that I couldn't believe it myself. I knew if I didn't write some of this down I would forget it forever. In Thailand I was to begin writing a kind of a memoir or spiritual biography of my old friend Goswami Maharaja.

Over a period of six months  we conducted a number of interviews. At last Goswami Maharaja  put the project on hold.  We had begun with great optimism and the idea that  through the story of his life  we could touch on a number of profound spiritual issues.  He has a great fascination  with vaishnava ontology  and was convinced that this might be an appropriate forum. And yet, as the project advanced, he lost enthusiasm for telling his story.  He became concerned that autobiographical efforts end only in vanity.  He said "If you're interested in  a memoir  you might as well write your own."  Just before I left for Moscow in December, I decided to take his words seriously. But instead of writing about the past, I began in the present.

My journey took me from San Miguel de Allende, Mexico,  where I live and teach in a small university, to  Cancun where I saw my sister-in-law, Lourdes who I haven't seen since my brother's death. From there it was Frankfurt Germany, and St. Petersburg Russia  Where I spoke on the birthday of Govinda Maharaja. I  visited  yoga centers in Moscow,   and Kiev Ukraine  spoke on the books that we had published.

I flew back to Moscow and then traveled from Moscow to Bangkok, to Chang Mai Thailand,  to work on a documentary film to be shot at Angkor Wat the largest Vishnu Temple in the world.   So we flew back to Bangkok and from there to Siem Reap Cambodia.  After a three week film shoot at Angkor Wat  I flew to Bangkok Thailand from there to Quan Zhu China, Los Angeles California, and Mexico City. This story alone is worth telling, although I haven't been able to do it justice here.

In this blog I began by writing about my adventures; and then began including fragments from my retelling of the Mahabharat story.  I began to include the story of  Mahabharata  for two reasons: I was interested in allowing readers to participate in the creative process. Those of you who read this blog may go on to read the finished book.  In that case, you will have followed the entire creative process from beginning to end.

My other reason was a little more personal.  Goswami Maharaja warned me  that a personal memoir may lead only to vanity; I felt that he had a strong point.  I'm not interested in telling people about how great I am. That would indeed be a worthless exercise  in vanity.

 And yet by telling my own story I'm keeping alive memories that would be otherwise lost. Younger generations are curious as to how my generation  lived and struggled with its own problems. Perhaps by looking at my mistakes others might learn. And in sharing the wisdom of my teachers, mentors, and my beloved guru, I keep his memory alive. Even if I'm unable to follow his teachings I may be able to pass along part of his message. I am a flawed vessel. And yet if I am able to carry a drop of the divine message I received from my guru, that drop may benefit some one.

 Self-realization involves self reflection and part of the task of self reflection is to ask ourselves where we stand in this world.   Self reflection means understanding  who we are; what is our place in history?   At the end of my life I confront many fundamental questions.  While it may be vanity to tell my story, silence is another kind of vanity.  In the end my life is the only life I have  known completely, and so writing about myself and my life is in an attempt to come to terms with my past. An attempt to confront the burden of my memory. In trying to understand who I am, I'm looking at who I was, who I have been, and what I have become.



Gabriel Garcia Marquez writes "Life is not what one lived, but what one remembers and how one remembers it in order to recount it."

 Having outlived some of the  people in my story, I have now the opportunity to rewrite history, to tell the story my way. Getting the last word is a bizarre form of revenge.  But I'm trying to avoid revenge  in recounting my life.   I can't say that my motives are entirely pure or free from revenge or vanity. But I feel that my story is worth telling; that others may profit from my triumphs as well as from my mistakes.

 I began this piece by  discussing the difference between writing a book and writing a blog.  A  book is well structured. A blog tends to have a freer form.   Once again I've gone off course,  And moved outside the scope of a comparison between books and blogs thus demonstrating the very nature of the blog itself. But in the future I hope to gather these fragments together and give them organization. The product will be published in some future book, no doubt.

My point was while books have a long shelf-life,  a blog is ephemeral. Ephemeral is from Greek, meaning "short-lived," "lasting but a day."  So the fragments that I post on this blog last but a day or two. The future I hope to join them together, to edit them.

So far the blog has been reached over 29,000 pageviews. I'm not sure if the same person has obsessively clicked on the page 29,000 times or if I'm really reaching thousands of viewers. That's another aspect of blogging that I find exasperating. But if you've been reading this page, I thank you for your efforts.

For now my plan is to continue my summary of Bhagavad-Gita and so much as it forms an important part of the Mahabharata story.  After that,  I shall go back to telling  to the story.   And perhaps even include more fragments from my own journey to surrender.

Friday, August 14, 2015

Bhagavad Gita 18th Chapter Conclusion Part One (Revised)

Bhagavad-Gītā
Chapter 18



Mokṣa-yoga
The Supreme Goal of Divine Freedom

The last chapter of Bhagavad-Gītā summarizes the themes of the previous seventeen chapters.  It has been said that the Bhagavad-Gita touches on five main themes: God, the universe,  the soul, karma, and time, or theology, cosmology, ontology, epistemology, and ethics.

Beyond these five main themes, the Bhagavad-Gita discusses different kinds of yoga.  Yoga may be thought of as a method to attain a higher goal, a spiritual or religious practice.

The goal of any religious or spiritual practice is to elevate us beyond our ordinary condition. It is supposed that the human form of life is superior to that of the animals.  

Animals, having limited cognitive ability, are unable to reflect on their existential condition. Human life is gifted with higher, more developed cognitive ability: we can reflect on their position in the universe. 

Self-reflection is called Jñāna,  or transcendental knowledge.   The study of knowledge, or how we know what we know, is called epistemology by Western thinkers.  Epistemology in Bhagavad-Gītā involves meditation and incorporates transcendental knowledge as its method for understanding spiritual truth. This practice is called Jñāna-yoga. Where jñāna  is transcendental knowledge, jñāna-yoga is the method for realizing the absolute through such knowledge. Knowledge coupled with karma-yoga, or "work-in-sacrifice," may evolve into bhakti  or divine love through the guidance of a qualified spiritual master.

Karma is a big subject.  Bhagavad-Gītā tells us that even the learned are baffled in understanding the actions and reactions of karma. (kiṃ karma kim akarmeti kavayo 'py atra mohitaḥ 4.16).  

Normally,  we think of karma in terms of action and reaction: Good  karma has a good result, Bad karma  a negative result.  In the next life our karma creates a good or bad result. This is the common understanding of  karma. We avoid bad karma and try to do good karma, hoping for a good result. This is really Arjuna's starting point at the beginning of his conversation with Krishna. He sees the battle as "bad karma," and wishes to avoid bad karma.

The common understanding of karma focuses more on the reactions, results, or  fruits of work than on work, or action itself.  As we live an a results-oriented society, we think of karma in terms of its results and reactions.  As Newton said, "every action has an equal and opposite reaction."  

While we focus on "reaction" when thinking of karma, it's important to keep in mind that karma means both action and reaction.

When Krishna discusses  karma,  He doesn't limit its definition to results alone. He wants to consider action itself. For a scientist, action  is force; it involves energy and movement in the space-time continuum.  Arjuna is a man of action interested in what reaction may take place after the battle; Arjuna reflects our own attitudes as "result-oriented."

But Krishna asks Arjuna to see the problem of action and reaction, or karma, from a higher level. Action itself is a kind of myth. The soul itself doesn't act. (prakṛteḥ kriyamāṇāni guṇaih karmāṇi sarvaṣaḥ... BG 2.27) "The spirit soul bewildered by the influence of false ego thinks himself the doer of activities that are in actual played out by the three modes of material nature."

The SuperSubject is the Prime Actor, He explains. Living entities or jivas  are His objects. So in relation to Ultimate Reality, individual souls are not actors or doers. They are trapped in a world of misconception, bound by a kind of mass hypnosis.  And yet, work is inevitable, for every living creature. Human beings can offer their work in sacrifice to the Supreme and become liberated from the exploiting tendency.

So while, Arjuna is concerned with good karma and bad karma, and how to avoid a bad reaction while doing his duty, his conversation with Krishna goes deeper. It leads to a discussion on the nature of action and reaction in the world  of perception, and the soul's ultimate freedom from birth and death, beyond karma.  

Krishna explains that  the soul itself neither acts nor reacts.  The soul has taken on a kind of virtual reality, where impelled by massive  hypnosis it navigates the labyrinth of misconception.  In a sense, action and reaction itself is a form of misconception. Krishna advises Arjuna to leave aside relative conceptions of good and bad karma and his ordinary role in society and invites him to surrender himself in devotion to the Supreme.

In the eighteenth chapter, Krishna takes up  the themes  given in the earlier chapters and brings them together.  

Physical science describes the universe in terms of space and time, forgetting the element of consciousness. But if we re-introduce the element of soul, we may conceive of the universe as a kind of "atma-sphere," where metaphysical forces play just as important a role as physical energy and matter. 

Just as modern physics uses the idea of string theory to explain mass, movement and force in space and time, Krishna uses the metaphor of "strings" that bind metaphysical consciousness to this material world through subtle influences.  According to the nature of our attachment to different illusions of exploitation, these strings or influences pull us in different directions: purity, energy, and inertia.  The strings are called "gunas" in Sanskrit. Sometimes the word Guna is translated as "mode." 

Our participation in the world of action and reaction is constantly colored by these three influences or modes of nature;  just as all the colors seen by the naked eye may be divided into red yellow and blue,  everything within our experience is colored by purity, energy, and inertia.

Work, faith, sacrifice, action, reaction, social roles, even food – what we eat, what we do, what we see feel in touch – all  these are  products of the different "strings"  that pull us and bind us to material nature.  
Immersed in the world of misconception and bound by the cords  of material nature, how does one become free from the world of action and reaction?  

While Krishna describes different aspects of reality from worldly to spiritual, from objective reality to subjective reality, and even the super subjective plane, Arjuna  is a man of action. The conversation is highly philosophical.  All this talk of cosmology and ontology is interesting, but what about action? What's the difference between right and wrong? Given that we are interested in doing the right thing, what should we do?  Krishna doesn't give easy answers. The Bhagavad-Gītā doesn't include a list of rules and regulations that one may follow in order to profit through good karma. Anticipating Nietzsche, Krishna rejects both good and evil karma. Good is a relative concept. It may assuage one's suffering for a time, but given the nature of karma, birth and death are inevitable. One must go beyond good and evil to reach ultimate liberation, which is truly possible only through divine love.

Love begins with sacrifice. Krishna talks about sacrifice.  he has explained that when work is done in sacrifice and coupled with transcendental knowledge about God, proper action becomes devotion or bhakti,  and that bhakti or dedication is the highest form of yoga.

Arjuna wants to know how such yoga is to be practiced.  How is dedication different from renunciation?  

In the 18th chapter, Arjuna begins by asking how sannyāsa  "renunciation-in-dedication" differs from tyāga  or "abnegation."  

Krishna has already defined sannyāsa in the fifth chapter. He talks about sannyāsa in relation to karma. Yogīs might renounce all work to gain liberation, but the renunciation of work itself is not a virtue.   
Krishna explains that tt is not karma or action itself that must be renounced, but attachment to its results. It is better to sacrifice the results of our work, to dedicate our work to God. One must understand that both work and its results are temporary. True sannyāsa is not mere self-abnegation or renunciation, but consists in giving up our attachment  to the results of work as an offering to God.

At the beginning of the 6th Chapter, Krishna has defined sannyāsa as follows: nasritah karma-phalam, karyam karma karoti yah, sa sannyasi ca yogi ca na niragnir na cakriyah. "One who is unattached to the results of work and who does his duty accordingly is a real sannyāsi  and a true yogi, not one who lights no fire and does no work." 

Avoidance of work does not constitute true renunciation, but ignorance.  The spirit of true renunciation is found in dedication.

In his conclusion to Arjuna in the 18th chapter,  Krishna reiterates: proper renunciation  does not involve giving up work,  but giving up the fruits of one's labor.  

Normally we work hard to get a good result. Krishna here is saying, "Work hard, but don't expect a result. Sacrifice the result to God. Dedication your work to the highest power."  

Since Krishna  has demonstrated his universal form to Arjuna, it's understood that when He speaks of the highest power  He is speaking of himself.   Those who do not wish to accept Krishna as the supreme personality of Godhead  may still reflect on this message of sacrifice and dedication. Christians see Jesus Christ as an example of supreme sacrifice, dedicating his life to God and giving himself to save others from sin. Sacrificing oneself in the fire of divine love is the highest form of self-realization, according to Krishna's teachings

Krishna makes it very clear that self-realization doesn't mean that action should be given up as an evil, or that it's fine to do bad karma as long as we perform certain sacrifices and rituals, but action should be done as a sacrifice. 

This "action-in-sacrifice"  as a general principle is called karma-yoga.  When coupled  with transcendental knowledge of the divine or jṇāna-yoga under the guidance of a bona fide spiritual master it may be directed towards higher service and transformed into divine love or  bhakti-yoga.  

While they may contribute to a good karmic result and are therefore worthy of performance the particular sacrifices mentioned in the Vedas are not meritorious on their own, since attachment to good karma leads to continued involvement in the world of exploitation. While one sacrifice may be in the mode of goodness and another in the mode of passion, freedom from material existence is not a question of choosing between goodness and passion. Dedication is the real thing. 

As he begins his conclusion, Krishna says, (etāny api tu karmāṇi saṇgam tyaktva phalāni ca...BG 18.6) "And yet, even these works out to be performed, giving up attachment and desire for fruits this is my decided and final view. Actions are not to renounced; but they must be done without selfish attachment or expectation of rewards. This is the basis of karma yoga.  Renunciation of duty in and of itself does not constitute sannyāsa,  and is in fact ignorance. 

Doing one's duty without attachment or selfishness is purified.  Among the different commentators on the Bhagavad-Gita  there are different opinions as to what work may be accepted as duty for a true yogi.

 A true yogi according to Shankar is one who has renounced all work except that which is necessary for the maintenance of the body. 

Bhaktivedānta Swāmi takes the argument higher: he considers that work may be liberating even when performed in a factory, when the goal is dedication:  "Prescribed duties must be performed in Krishna consciousness. One should act without attachment for the result; he should be disassociated from the modes of work. A man working in Krishna consciousness in a factory does not associate himself with the work of the factory, nor with the workers of the factory. He simply works for Krishna. And when he gives up the result for Krishna, he is acting transcendentally. ... One can never give up work at any time. Therefore he who works for Krishna and does not enjoy the fruit of results, who offers everything to Krishna, is actually a renounce her. There are many members of the international Society for Krishna consciousness who work very hard in their office or in the factory or some other place, and whatever they earn they give to the society. Such highly elevated souls are actually sannyāsīs and are situated in the renounced order of life." (BG As It Is, page 804.)