Levels of Consciousness
Macro and Micro Consciousness: Unified Theory of Knowledge
The modern dilemma in physics is the “unified
field theory” or the “theory of everything,” a theory tying together all known
phenomena to explain the nature and behavior of all matter and energy in
existence.
In physics, a field refers to an area
under the influence of some force, such as gravity or electricity, for example. A unified field theory would reconcile
seemingly incompatible aspects of various field theories to create a single
comprehensive set of equations. Such a theory could potentially unlock all
the secrets of nature and make a myriad of wonders possible, including such
benefits as time travel and an inexhaustible source of clean energy, among many
others.
According to Michio Katu, a theoretical
physicist at City College, City University of New York, those in pursuit of a
unified field theory seek "an equation an inch long that would allow us to
read the mind of God."
The theory of relativity explains the behavior of phenomena on the macroscopic level, on the level of planetary events; quantum theory on the other hand, explains the behavior of phenomena on the microscopic level, on the atomic and subatomic level. Perplexingly, however, for reasons we haven’t time to fully explore here, the two theories are incompatible.
In short the theories that explain the effect of gravity on time, black holes, and the speed of light are incompatible with the theories that explain the laws governing the movement of subatomic objects.
One might think that the same laws would
apply both to subatomic as well as cosmic events. After all, laws are laws. In
a perfect world, the microcosm should be governed by the same laws as the
macrocosm.
Leaving aside the quandaries of physics for
the quiddities of metaphysics, one would think that there exists a “unified
field theory of consciousness.” But if the mechanism governing the movements of
material objects is so difficult to understand at the macro and micro level,
discovering the exact mechanism or software behind the engineering of the metaphysical
universe presents an even greater problem.
This problem is known as ontology at the
level of individual consciousness and cosmology at the level of universal
consciousness. Ontology is the study of being: it may include personal
spiritual existence as well as the existence of a superior or supreme being.
Cosmology involves the study of how our universe came into existence and how to
properly describe it. Really they are two sides of the same coin in the sense
that we are looking at the same problem from two ends: macro-existence and
micro-existence.
So that a theory of consciousness, or how
consciousness informs the universe, might begin with the creation of matter on
a cosmic level; but it might also begin with a study of how mind influences
matter on the human, personal level.
It is difficult for me to conceive of how a
singularity of consciousness may have created the infinite expansion of the
cosmos. It may be easier for me to see the development of consciousness within
an individual human life.
And so it is possible to speak of “levels of
consciousness” both at the micro and macro levels. When we speak of “levels of
consciousness” at the macro or cosmic level we are touching on the Upanishadic
or Vedic version of what Carl Jung called “Collective Unconscious.” At the
“micro” or personal level we begin to enter into an understanding of spiritual
psychology.
The re-iteration of a cliché makes it appear
trite, a truism that has lost meaning through repetition. A film by Charlie
Chaplin or Buster Keaton appears primitive to us, since we have seen the gags
they invented repeated thousands and thousands of times in movies and TV
commercials. We have seen the cliché so oft repeated that when we see the
original, it seems trite. And yet Chaplin and Keaton were geniuses precisely
for having invented the form and content of cinema.
In the same way, the aphorisms of the Vedas and Upanishads may sometimes seem “trite” or clichéd to us, now that they have been re-packaged millions of times in the form of religious dogma, textbook psychology, and even facebook slogans. And yet, it is important to remember that these ideas originated with seers who dedicated their lives to introspection and who discovered these truths.
According to the seers themselves this wisdom was revealed to them through a divine process. And we have good reason to believe that they were gifted with a certain form of divine intelligence, one that allowed them a higher degree of perception into levels of consciousness.
In the same way, the aphorisms of the Vedas and Upanishads may sometimes seem “trite” or clichéd to us, now that they have been re-packaged millions of times in the form of religious dogma, textbook psychology, and even facebook slogans. And yet, it is important to remember that these ideas originated with seers who dedicated their lives to introspection and who discovered these truths.
According to the seers themselves this wisdom was revealed to them through a divine process. And we have good reason to believe that they were gifted with a certain form of divine intelligence, one that allowed them a higher degree of perception into levels of consciousness.
Lately it is popular in educational circles
to speak of “multiple intelligences.” Psychologist Howard Gardner has
identified seven.
This theory has emerged from recent cognitive
research and "documents the extent to which humans possess different kinds
of minds and therefore learn, remember, perform, and understand in different
ways," according to Gardner (1991). According to this theory, "we are
all able to know the world through language, logical-mathematical analysis,
spatial representation, musical thinking, the use of the body to solve problems
or to make things, an understanding of other individuals, and an understanding
of ourselves. Where individuals differ is in the strength of these
intelligences - the so-called profile of intelligences -and in the ways in
which such intelligences are invoked and combined to carry out different tasks,
solve diverse problems, and progress in various domains."
As an example of perfection in these
different intelligences, we might say that a chess-master or a brilliant artist
Picasso would be expert in Visual-Spatial intelligence, an Olympic
gymnast of Bodily-Kinesthetic, a Mozart of Musical-Audio intelligence. We could
say that a leader like Alexander might be an example of Interpersonal
intellence, a Shakespeare or Cervantes in linguistic intelligence, and an
Einstein in mathematical intelligence.
But the genius of interpersonal intelligence
would be discovered in a person like Freud who probed his own mind and the mind
of others; or in the transcendental person of a Jesus or a Buddha, who probed
even more deeply into the nature of eternal truth.
Such were the seers of the Upanishads and the
teachers of Vedic reality. They were such profound thinkers that, even though
they lacked the technology we enjoy today, they were capable of diving deeply
into the most profound of truths.
Its interesting that many of the formulas and
theorems taught in mathematics derive from the Greeks who observed the stars
thousands of years ago. They had no internet, no google; only their imperfect
senses by which to make observations. But thousands of years later we rely on
their insight.
In the same way, while our modern technology
affords us luxuries unavailable to the ancients, our powers of perception and
meditation have been weakened by so much luxury. The insights of the ancients
are as clear today as when they were first developed thousands of years ago,
and they are just as relevant.
Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung had the luxury of
referring to centuries of wisdom when they developed their psychologies. If the
psychologies of consciousness developed by yogic thinkers centuries ago seem
less scientific by comparison it is only because the latest versions appeal
more to our modern life-styles.
Let’s take a look at the idea of “levels of
consciousness” then, and see how it may be applied both at the macro and micro
levels.
We are obsessed with knowledge and want to
know, “If subjective evolution of consciousness is a possibility, how would it
work?” We may argue that in a higher sense, these are questions of faith. And
yet different philosophers working over thousands of years have considered the
problem.
So how does “subjective evolution of
consciousness” work at the “macro” level? In other words, “how does
consciousness produce matter?” And how does “subjective evolution of
consciousness work at the “micro” level? In other words, “how does the
individual self evolve?” What are the different “levels of consciousness?”
After reading this, you may discard all these ideas as wishful thinking, but at
least you have considered them carefully. Perhaps you will benefit by
reflecting on the same ideas that occupied the great philosophers of India at the
dawn of time.
In either case, “macro” or “micro,” as
consciousness enters and influences the world, there must exist a kind of
medium, a filter between the divine metaphysical reality and the world of māyā,
misconception or illusion.
In “Subjective Evolution of Consciousness,”
Śrīdhara Mahārāja says, “Consciousness comes first and then matter. The basis
of all things material is consciousness, which is spiritual. Consciousness can
contact consciousness directly. When consciousness comes into the stage of
matter, material conception, we experience a kind of vague consciousness; first
there is hazy consciousness and then material consciousness. ...The soul,
coming into material consciousness, must come through some hazy reflection of
consciousness, cidābhāsa. Only then can the soul experience material
consciousness. What is cidābhāsa? Something like ‘mind.’” [i]
This cidābhāsa is
described by Bhaktivinoda Thakura as an
indication of spirit:
Apart from this, in the existence of a human
being an indication of spirit (cidabhasa) is found in the form of ego,
which pervades the intelligence, mind, and body. From these symptoms a strong
feeling of "I" and "mine" has become accepted as part of
the human beings existence. This is known as false ego. It is to be understood
that knowledge of subjects up to false ego is called material knowledge. Yet
false ego, intelligence, mind, and the prowess of the senses are not totally
material. In other words, they do not consist entirely of material elements,
but their existence is rooted in material elements. In other words, unless they
are related with the material elements their existence is incomplete. They are
under the shelter of spirit to some extent, because the act of revelation is
their very life and material knowledge is the result. From where does this
consciousness originate? The soul is pure and the basis of consciousness. It is
not easy for a soul to come under the subordination of matter. By the will of
the Supreme Lord—certainly for some reason—a pure spirit soul has contacted matter.
Although in our conditioned state it is very difficult to investigate the
cause, if we consider the lack of happiness in our conditioned state, we can
certainly realize that our present condition is a degradation from our original
consciousness.[ii]
While we may quibble on the use of “mind” vs.
“spirit,” the vocabulary used in English for defining matters of consciousness
is vague. For example the distinction between “mind and spirit.” Hegel’s
“Phenomology of Geist” has been translated both as Phenomonology of Spirit, and
Phenomology of Mind. So sometimes the words “mind” and “spirit” are confused.
Here Śrīdhara Mahārāja himself is making a
clear distinction between “mind” and “spirit,” saying in essence that where
“matter” is the consequence of “spirit,” “mind” itself acts as a kind of filter
between the two.
What then is “mind?” My dictionary gives the
following: “the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world
and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and
thought.” So here, there is a distinction between “the person” and the “element
that enables them to be aware,” or in the language of Śrīdhara Mahārāja,
“consciousness” and cidābhasa or “something like mind,” “a filter.”
In terms of the macrocosmic
process of the subjective evolution of consciousness from “spirit” to “mind” to
matter, in his commentary to Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, (2.2.28)[iii]
Srila Sridhara Svami confirms that a
part of the material nature, after being initiated by the Lord, is known as the
mahat-tattva. A fractional portion of
the mahat-tattva is called the false
ego. On the macro level, the intervening filter, then between spirit and mind
is called mahat-tattva and the
development of false ego. In any case, as highly developed consciousness
degrades it becomes covered with different levels of coverings. These are
called “koshas” in Sanskrit, of which there are five: annamaya, pranamaya, manomaya, vijñāna-maya
and anandamāya. Just as it is posible
for consciousness to degrade through the medium of mind and false ego, it is posible
for us to evolve higher to the stage of divine bliss consciousness, as we shall
see further.
In Freud’s analysis of the “self,” he talks
about “Id, Ego, and Superego,” where Ego is “the
part of the psyche that experiences the outside world and reacts to it, coming
between the primitive drives of the id and the demands of the social
environment, represented by the superego,” “Id”
is “the part of the
mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processes are manifest,”
and “Super-ego” is “the ethical
component of the personality and provides the moral standards by which the ego
operates. The superego's criticisms, prohibitions, and inhibitions form
a person's conscience, and its positive aspirations and ideals represent one's
idealized self-image, or “ego ideal.”
In Freudian language, the “Id” has the function of senses
and the uncontrolled mind, “Superego,” occupies the role of intelligence and
even perhaps paramatma, where Ego seems to play the role of the conscious mind.
But Freudian analysis employs its own technical language and we are merely
touching on the superficial and popular understanding of his contribution.
More interesting to us is the analysis of levels of
consciousness found in the Upanishadic and Yogic texts.
Yoga philosophy
teaches that the mind is pure consciousness which has been filtered through a
false conception of ego and mind and as a consequence of that filtering process
there is the creation of five different layers of consciousness:
The division of
the mind into five layers is similar to the structure of an onion – as one
layer is peeled away the next layer is revealed until one reaches the innermost
layer. The outermost
layer of this perverted consciousness is the physical body itself. This
physical body is formed from the food we eat and this level of “bodily” consciousness
is known in Sanskrit as annamaya, which means also “food consciousness.”
The next level of
consciousness is called prānamaya and
corresponds to Freud’s “Id.” Just as with Freud’s Id, the prānamaya state functions during our normal waking awareness. In
this state, the mind and senses engage with the external world and react to
stimulus. This may also be called the “conscious mind”.
When we pass by a
bakery, smell the fresh bread, see a batch of cookies and want them, buy them
and eat them, all these are operations that fall within the state of
consciousness called the prānamaya which
may be translated as “life-air” consciousness or “survival” consciousness.
Going further into
the mind we find another layer known as the manomaya
level which is also known as the subtle mind. This is the layer which governs
memory. All memory is stored here, and we can recall a previous experience due
to the capacity of this layer. In addition the mind’s ability to process and
use previously acquired data also depends on this layer.
An example of its
operation is found in a university student who reads many books in preparation
for an examination. At the time of the examination there may be one or two
questions and it is the manomaya
level of consciousness which recollects the diverse facts from all the books
and helps to synthesize them into a coherent response.
The manomaya may correspond in psychology to
what Freud and Jung called “the subconscious mind”. The subconscious mind is
active during sleep while the conscious mind (pranamaya) is inactive. Dreams
take place in this layer. A further function of the manomaya is that pleasure
and pain are experienced here.
Above the manomaya or “mental platform” stage of consciousness is
the vijñāna plane where one may
actually become conscious of spiritual reality. And above this is the anandamaya plane where one exeriences
spiritual ecstasy. This is defined as the highest stage in the evolution of
consciousness.
Śrīla Prabhupāda
has discussed the topic of these five levels of consciousness in his Krishna
Book[iv]
as follows:
“Within
the body there are five different departments of existence, known as anna-maya,
prana-maya, mano-maya, vijnana-maya, and at last, ananda-maya. In
the beginning of life, every living entity is food conscious. A child or an
animal is satisfied only by getting nice food. This stage of consciousness, in
which the goal is to eat sumptuously, is called anna-maya. Anna means
"food." After this one lives in theconsciousness of being alive. If
one can continue his life without being attacked or destroyed, one thinks
himself happy.
This stage is called prana-maya, or
consciousness of one's existence. After this stage, when one is situated on the
mental platform, his consciousness is called mano-maya. The
materialistic civilization is primarily situated in these three stages, anna-maya,
prana-maya, and mano-maya.
The first concern of civilized persons is
economic development, the next concern is defense against being annihilated,
and the next consciousness is mental speculation, the philosophical approach to
the values of life. If by the evolutionary process of philosophical life one
happens to reach the platform of intellectual life and understands that he is not
this material body but a spiritual soul, he is situated in the vijnana-maya stage.
Then, by evolution in spiritual life, he
comes to the understanding of the Supreme Lord, or the Supreme Soul. When one
develops his relationship with Him and executes devotional service, that stage
of life is called Krishna consciousness, the ananda-maya stage. Ananda-maya
is the blissful life of knowledge and eternity. As it is said in the Vedanta-sutra,
ananda-mayo ’bhyasat.
The Supreme Brahman and the subordinate Brahman,
or the Supreme Personality of Godhead and the living entities, are both joyful
by nature. As long as the living entities are situated in the lower four stages
of life—anna-maya, prana-maya, mano-maya, and vijnana-maya—they
are considered to be in the material condition of life, but as soon as one
reaches the stage of ananda-maya, he is a liberated soul.
This ananda-maya stage is explained in
the Bhagavad-gita as the brahma-bhuta stage. There it is said
that in the brahma-bhuta stage of life there is no anxiety and no
hankering. This stage begins when one is equally disposed toward all living
entities, and it then expands to the stage of Krishna consciousness, in which
one always hankers to render service unto the Supreme Personality of Godhead.
This hankering for advancement in devotional
service is not the same as hankering for sense gratification in material
existence. In other words, hankering remains in spiritual life, but it becomes
purified. Similarly, when our senses are purified, they are freed from all
material stages, namely anna-maya, prana-maya, mano-maya, and vijnana-maya,
and they become situated in the highest stage—ananda-maya, or
blissful life in Krishna consciousness.
[i]
(Subjective
Evolution of Consciousness, By Bhakti Rakshak Shridhar Guardian of Devotion
Press, 1989 P. 2)
[ii]
Bhaktivinoda Thakura, Krishna-Samhita, translated
by Kushakratha p. 99.
[iii]
ततो विशेषं प्रतिपद्य निर्भयस्तेनात्मनापोऽनलमूर्तिरत्वरन् ।
ज्योतिर्मयो वायुमुपेत्य काले वाय्वात्मना खं बृहदात्मलिङ्गम् ॥२८॥
tato viśeṣaḿ pratipadya nirbhayas
tenātmanāpo 'nala-mūrtir atvaran
jyotirmayo vāyum upetya kāle
vāyv-ātmanā khaḿ bṛhad ātma-lińgam
[iv]
http://btg.krishna.com/stages-consciousness