Subjective Evolution of Consciousness
An analysis of the subjective evolution of consciousness is found in many places in Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam and in its commentaries from the original commentator Śrīdhara Swāmī to Jīva Goswāmī.
The most erudite scholar of the Bhāgavatam in the 19th century was Bhaktivinoda Thakura.
His explanations of Vedic ontology are found in his books, especially Kṛṣṇa-saṁhita, (Krishna-samhita) Caitanya-Sikṣamṛta, (Caitanya Sikshamrita) and Tattva-Viveka (Tattva-Viveka) When we approached Śrīdhara Mahārāja to clarify some of his remarks about Subjective Evolution he referred us again and again to these three books, especially Kṛṣṇa-Saṁhita.
In our previous article, we mentioned cidābhāsa a kind of intermediary state between pure consciousness, or cit and the degraded consciousness covered by different kośas experienced in the world of misconception called māya. We're interested in understanding how pure consciousness gradually becomes deformed and degraded into successively lower states.
Śrīdhar Mahārāja has explained cidābhāsa as a kind of filter between consciousness and matter. We have seen that there may be many filters between spirit and matter, including the various kośas, for example mind, intelligence and false ego.
Cidābhāsa is
described by Bhaktivinoda Thakura as an
indication of spirit in his Kṛṣṇa-Saṁhita:
He begins his discussion of the nature of the living entity in his conclusion to the work, after quoting a verse from Bhāgavad-Gīta. Here you may find Bhaktivinod Thakura's own explanation of Subjective Evolution of Consciousness.
apareyam itas tv anyam
prakrtim viddhi me param
jiva-bhutam maha-baho
yayedam dharyate jagat
prakrtim viddhi me param
jiva-bhutam maha-baho
yayedam dharyate jagat
SYNONYMS
aparā—inferior; iyam—this; itaḥ—besides this; tu—but; anyām—another; prakṛtim—energy; viddhi—just try to understand; me—My; parām—superior; jīva-bhūtām—the living entities; mahā-bāho—O mighty-armed one; yayā—by whom; idam—this; dhāryate—being utilized or exploited; jagat—the material world.
TRANSLATION
Besides this inferior nature, O mighty-armed Arjuna, there is a superior energy of Mine, which are all living entities who are struggling with material nature and are sustaining the universe. (Bhagavad-Gita 7.5)
"By studying this verse it is clearly understood that the living entities are different from the previously mentioned material elements mind, intelligence, and false ego. This is certainly a swanlike conclusion.
"In this visible world of varieties, there are two elements, or prākṛtis: the individual spirit soul (jīva) and dull matter (jaḍa-jagat) , or the elemental spiritual entities and the material elements.
"The Vaisnavas accept these two prākṛtis as the effects of the inconceivable potency of the Supreme Lord.
"Now let us standardize the definitions of the material elements and the living entities. The living entities are conscious and can act independently. Matter is dull and under the control of consciousness.
If we consider the existence of a human being in his present conditioned state, then we will undoubtedly consider his consciousness and the material elements, because by the Lord's sweet will the conditioned souls are seen to be riding on a machine of the material elements.
The material body made of seven constituent fluids, the senses, as well as the mind, intelligence, and false ego (which are the sources of material knowledge), as well as other factors: the place, the time factor, and consciousness are all seen in the existence of a human being."
Bhaktivinoda continues:
"The body on the other hand is completely material, because it is made of material elements and their characteristics.
"The material elements are not able to realize spirit, but we can perceive some evidence of spiritual existence in wonderful instruments like the eyes, ears, and nervous system in the body of a human being. The instruments by which material knowledge enters the material body are called senses.
"After entering the material body, material knowledge mixes with an internal instrument that interprets the material elements. This instrument is called the mind.
"The mind realizes material knowledge through the medium of the heart and accumulates knowledge through the medium of remembrance.
"The shape of material knowledge changes through the medium of imagination. Material objects are considered with the support of two mediums developed and undeveloped intelligence.
"Apart from this, in the existence of a human
being an indication of spirit (cidabhasa) is found in the form of ego,
which pervades the intelligence, mind, and body. From these symptoms a strong
feeling of "I" and "mine" has become accepted as part of
the human beings existence.
"This is known as false ego. It is to be understood
that knowledge of subjects up to false ego is called material knowledge. Yet
false ego, intelligence, mind, and the prowess of the senses are not totally
material. In other words, they do not consist entirely of material elements,
but their existence is rooted in material elements. In other words, unless they
are related with the material elements their existence is incomplete.
"They are
under the shelter of spirit to some extent, because the act of revelation is
their very life and material knowledge is the result. From where does this
consciousness originate?
"The soul is pure and the basis of consciousness. It is
not easy for a soul to come under the subordination of matter. By the will of
the Supreme Lord—certainly for some reason—a pure spirit soul has contacted
matter. Although in our conditioned state it is very difficult to investigate
the cause, if we consider the lack of happiness in our conditioned state, we
can certainly realize that our present condition is a degradation from our
original consciousness."[i]
While we may quibble endlessly on the use of “mind” vs.
“spirit,” the vocabulary used in English for defining matters of consciousness
is vague.
For example the distinction between “mind and spirit.” Hegel’s
“Phenomology of Geist” has been translated both as Phenomonology of Spirit, and
Phenomology of Mind. So sometimes the words “mind” and “spirit” are confused. "Mind" has a variety of meanings. "Mind your manners." While perhaps in the early part of the 20th Century the word "Mind" may have had a more "spiritual" context, "mind" today is such a flexible term as to be devoid of any real philosophical meaning. The word "Spirit" is also problematic may refer to the fervor of "team spirit," academic nostalgia as "school spirit," or even a "spirited" horse. "Spirit" can can even refer to "alcohol."
As a student of Hegel, Śrīdhara Mahārāja uses "mind" in the sense of "Geist" as an interchangeable coverall term that may approach the meaning of "spirit" in the same sense that Hegel's word Geist has been translated both as "spirit" or "mind." But his definition of cidābhāsa refers back to Bhaktivinoda. Anyone interested in further elucidation on the subject of cidābhāsa is invited to go through Kṛṣṇa-saṁhita, especially in the original Bengali.
In "Subjective Evolution of Consciousness," Śrīdhara Mahārāja elaborates on the analysis made by Bhaktivinoda Thakura:
“The soul, coming into material consciousness, must come
through some hazy reflection of consciousness, chidābhāsa. Only then can the
soul experience material consciousness. Before pure consciousness evolves to
material consciousness, it will pass through a hazy stage of consciousness or
chidābhāsa.
So in the background of every material thing, there is a spiritual
conception. This cannot but be true. What is chidābhāsa?
Something like mind: Suppose
consciousness comes to feel matter. When consciousness is coming to the
material world to know the material world, it has to first pass through
material consciousness, and then it can feel what is matter.
According to
Darwin’s theory, matter gradually produces consciousness, but before producing
consciousness it must produce some hazy consciousness, then mind, and then the
soul.
But in reality, it is just the opposite. So subjective evolution
parallels objective or material evolution.
But in the evolution of
consciousness, the Supersubject is first, then the individual soul or
jīva-subject is next. Then, from the subjective consciousness of the jīvas,
matter is produced. But consciousness must penetrate hazy consciousness to
perceive matter.
I say that the process of evolution moves from the top downward. Reality the Absolute is
full in Himself. All other things are coming from Him. The perfect substance
already exists.
What appears to us as imperfect comes down according to our own
defective senses. The imperfect must be dependent upon the perfect, the
ultimate reality. And the imperfect may be so arranged by Him in order to prove
His perfection.
To prove the perfection of the Absolute, there is conditioned
and unconditioned, finite and infinite reality. The defective world therefore
has an indirect relation to the truth.
However, consciousness cannot jump at once into the
conception of matter; it must pass through a process to come to material
consciousness.
From the marginal position, from the verge of the higher eternal
potency, evolution and dissolution of this material world begins. This takes
place only on the outskirts of svarūpa-śakti, which is the system responsible
for the evolution of the spiritual plane, and is an eternally evolving dynamic
whole.
It is not that nondifferentiation is the origin of differentiation. An
eternally differentiated substance exists.
That plane is filled with līlā,
dynamic pastimes. If a static thing can be conceived of as eternal, then why
can’t a “ a dynamic thing be conceived of as eternal? That plane of
svarūpa-śakti is fully evolved within.
It is eternal. Evolution and dissolution
concern only the degradation of the subtle spirit to the gross material
platform and his evolution towards perfection. Here there is evolution and
dissolution, but these things do not exist in the eternal abode of svarūpa-śakti.[ii]
[i]
Bhaktivinoda Thakura, Krishna-Samhita, translated
by Kushakratha p. 99.
[ii]
Excerpt From: Swami B. R. Sridhar. “Subjective
Evolution.” Guardian of Devotion Press, 1989..