Bhagavad-Gita Sixth Chapter
The Path of Yoga:
Meditation and Practice
by Michael Dolan/B.V. Mahayogi
Kṛṣṇa continues, "One must elevate himself by the mind and not
degrade himself. For one who controls the mind, his mind is his best friend and
will help with self-fulfillment. When the self fails to control the mind, the
mind becomes the enemy of true self-interest. The yogi who has conquered the
mind becomes absorbed in yogic trance. He is who is equal to all and fixed on
the self amid the impulses of cold and heat, pleasure and pain, honor and
insult. He sees friends, foes, and strangers equally.
Since Arjuna has asked
Krishna to enlighten him on the path of yoga, Krishna now begins his
discussion on the nature of aṣtāṇga yoga, or the eightfold path of
enlightenment.
Certain aspects of this form of yoga
have become popular in the West, especially the yoga asanas and the breathing
practice known as pranayama. The eightfold path is called aṣṭāṇga-yoga which
literally means the “eight limbs” of Yoga practice. Long after Kṛṣṇa speaks the
Bhagavad-Gita these were encoded in the yoga system of Patanjali. But the
system was ancient even in the time of the Kurukṣetra war.
Before hearing Kṛṣṇa's
words on the subject, lets look at the eight-fold path. The eight limbs of yoga
are as follows:
Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama,
Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi. These are not heirarchical
in the sense that one step must be achieved before ascending to the next step.
They are conceived as the different limbs of the yogic body in the sense that
all the eight limbs must be maintained properly at the same time in order for
the body to be healthy.
1. Yama: rules (negative principles or "Don'ts"). The
general principles of yoga mean that there are certain rules that must be
followed in order to free the mind from distraction and agitation. These
include sinful, immoral, and criminal acts. One should avoid violence not only
against fellow human beings, but even against animals, as in meat-eating.
Lust should be avoided since lust
corrupts spiritual life. Intoxication by alcohol or drugs distorts the mind and
must be given up. Greed in business practices, speculation and dishonesty also
destroys spiritual life. A yogi must be pure in thought and deed and following
the proper rules of conduct mean avoiding impurity and passions such as lust, anger, and greed. It is not a question of defining these these as "sins" so much as understanding that lust, anger, and greed do not free the mind but keep it in bondage.
2. Niyama (positive principles or "Do" ): principles.
This implies the cultivation of spiritual purity beyond simply following rules.
A yogi strives for purity of body and mind above and beyond the rules. This
implies a contemplative life of self-discipline free from violence and anger.
Self-analysis, self-abnegation, dedication to the teachings of one’s spiritual
master, and devotion to God and the spiritual master or guru.
3. Asana: The different
postures of yoga contribute to bodily and mental health, and aid in spiritual
realization.
4.Pranayama: If the word yama
means “rules and regulations” prana-yama means to regulate and control the prāna,
the life air that circulates through the body.
5. Pratyahara: This means
controlling the senses, by withdrawing their focus on the objects of the
senses.
6. Dhārana: means proper
thinking by remembering the soul is eternal.
7. Dhyāna: is meditation experiencing
the inner light of the soul and maintaining consciousness of the Supreme Soul
who exists within and without.
Samādhi: constant absorption
in the atma, the spiritual experience of the relationship between the
individualized soul atma and the Supreme Soul, Paramātma.
Getting back to the the actual
text, from the 10th verse of the Sixth Chapter.
Kṛṣṇa tells Arjuna that to practice
yoga one must go to a quiet, peaceful, holy secluded place.
“One should lay kuśa grass on the ground and then covered with a deerskin and a soft cloth. The seat should be neither too high or too low and should be situated in a sacred place. The Yogi should then sit on it very firmly and practice yoga to purify the hard by controlling his mind, senses, and activities and fixing the mind of one point. From the 13th verse of the Sixth chapter on, Krishna continues to describe the eight-fold yoga path. He explains the process for meditation, breath control, fasting and physical self-control, proper regulation of the mind and intelligence, purification of cconsciousness, ssamādhi and nirvana, which in this case does not mean the cessation of material existence but the end of our participation in the world of exploitation and our dedication to the Supreme Lord.
“One should lay kuśa grass on the ground and then covered with a deerskin and a soft cloth. The seat should be neither too high or too low and should be situated in a sacred place. The Yogi should then sit on it very firmly and practice yoga to purify the hard by controlling his mind, senses, and activities and fixing the mind of one point. From the 13th verse of the Sixth chapter on, Krishna continues to describe the eight-fold yoga path. He explains the process for meditation, breath control, fasting and physical self-control, proper regulation of the mind and intelligence, purification of cconsciousness, ssamādhi and nirvana, which in this case does not mean the cessation of material existence but the end of our participation in the world of exploitation and our dedication to the Supreme Lord.
Material existence is temporary,
hence illusory. For the soul there is no cessation of existence, since the atma
is eternal.
In his comments, Bhaktivedānta
Swāmi takes great exception with the groups involved in the so-called modern
practice of yoga and finds little authenticity in such societies. He points
out that sacred places are very difficult to find. Even in India many of
the sacred places have been contaminated. In any case there very difficult to
reach especially for Westerners.
From the commentary of
Bhaktivedānta Swāmi, Bhagavad-Gita As It Is: “the so-called yoga societies
in big cities may be successful in earning material benefit, but they are not
at all suitable for the actual practice of yoga. One who is not self-controlled
and whose mind is not undisturbed cannot practice meditation.
Therefore in
the Bṛhan-naradiya Purāna it is said, "in the iron age of
Kali when people are short-lived, slow and spiritual realization, and always
disturbed by various anxieties, the best means of spiritual realization is
chanting the holy name of the Lord. In this age of quarreling hypocrisy the
only means of deliverances chanting the holy name of the Lord. There is no
other way. There is no other way. There is no other way.”
हरेर्नाम हरेर्नाम हरेर्नाम एव केवलम् कलौ नस्त्य् एव नस्त्य् एव नस्त्य् एव गतिर्अन्यथ
harer nāma harer nāma harer nāma
eva kevalam kalau nasty eva nasty eva nasty eva gatir anyatha."
The Hare Krishna Mantra is the best means for yoga and meditation. Try it!
हरे कृष्ण हरे कृष्ण कृष्ण कृष्ण हरे हरे
हरे राम हरे राम राम राम हरे हरे
hare
kṛṣṇa hare kṛṣṇa kṛṣṇa kṛṣṇa hare hare
hare
rāma hare rāma rāma rāma hare hare
श्रीभगवान् उवाच
अनाश्रितः कर्मफलं कार्यं कर्म करोति यः
स संन्यासी च योगी च न निरग्निर् न चाक्रियः ६.१
यं संन्यासम् इति प्राहुर् योगं तं विद्धि पाण्डव
न ह्य् असंन्यस्तसंकल्पो योगी भवति कश्चन ६.२
आरुरुक्षोर् मुनेर् योगं कर्म कारणम् उच्यते
योगारूढस्य तस्यैव शमः कारणम् उच्यते ६.३
यदा हि नेन्द्रियार्थेषु न कर्मस्व् अनुषज्जते
सर्वसंकल्पसंन्यासी योगारूढस् तदोच्यते ६.४
उद्धरेद् आत्मनात्मानं नात्मानम् अवसादयेत्
आत्मैव ह्य् आत्मनो बन्धुर् आत्मैव रिपुर् आत्मनः ६.५
बन्धुर् आत्मात्मनस् तस्य येनात्मैवात्मना जितः
अनात्मनस् तु शत्रुत्वे वर्तेतात्मैव शत्रुवत् ६.६
जितात्मनः प्रशान्तस्य परमात्मा समाहितः
शीतोष्णसुखदुःखेषु तथा मानापमानयोः ६.७
ज्ञानविज्ञानतृप्तात्मा कूटस्थो विजितेन्द्रियः
युक्त इत्य् उच्यते योगी समलोष्टाश्मकाञ्चनः ६.८
सुहृन्मित्रार्युदासीनमध्यस्थद्वेष्यबन्धुषु
साधुष्व् अपि च पापेषु समबुद्धिर् विशिष्यते ६.९
योगी युञ्जीत सततम् आत्मानं रहसि स्थितः
एकाकी यतचित्तात्मा निराशीर् अपरिग्रहः ६.१०
शुचौ देशे प्रतिष्ठाप्य स्थिरम् आसनम् आत्मनः
नात्युच्छ्रितं नातिनीचं चैलाजिनकुशोत्तरम् ६.११
तत्रैकाग्रं मनः कृत्वा यतचित्तेन्द्रियक्रियः
उपविश्यासने युञ्ज्याद् योगम् आत्मविशुद्धये ६.१२
समं कायशिरोग्रीवं धारयन्न् अचलं स्थिरः
संप्रेक्ष्य नासिकाग्रं स्वं दिशश् चानवलोकयन्
६.१३
प्रशान्तात्मा विगतभीर् ब्रह्मचारिव्रते स्थितः
मनः संयम्य मच्चित्तो युक्त आसीत मत्परः ६.१४
युञ्जन्न् एवं सदात्मानं योगी नियतमानसः
शान्तिं निर्वाणपरमां मत्संस्थाम् अधिगच्छति
६.१५
atha ṣaṣṭhodhyāyaḥ
śrībhagavān uvāca
anāśritaḥ karmaphalaṃ kāryaṃ karma
karoti yaḥ
sa saṃnyāsī ca yogī ca na niragnir na
cākriyaḥ 6.1
yaṃ saṃnyāsam iti prāhur yogaṃ taṃ
viddhi pāṇḍava
na hy asaṃnyastasaṃkalpo yogī bhavati
kaścana 6.2
ārurukṣor muner yogaṃ karma kāraṇam
ucyate
yogārūḍhasya tasyaiva śamaḥ kāraṇam
ucyate 6.3
yadā hi nendriyārtheṣu na karmasv anuṣajjate
sarvasaṃkalpasaṃnyāsī yogārūḍhas
tadocyate 6.4
uddhared ātmanātmānaṃ nātmānam
avasādayet
ātmaiva hy ātmano bandhur ātmaiva
ripur ātmanaḥ
6.5
bandhur ātmātmanas tasya
yenātmaivātmanā jitaḥ
anātmanas tu śatrutve vartetātmaiva
śatruvat 6.6
jitātmanaḥ praśāntasya paramātmā
samāhitaḥ
śītoṣṇasukhaduḥkheṣu tathā
mānāpamānayoḥ 6.7
jñānavijñānatṛptātmā kūṭastho
vijitendriyaḥ
yukta ity ucyate yogī samaloṣṭāśmakāñcanaḥ
6.8
suhṛnmitrāryudāsīnamadhyasthadveṣyabandhuṣu
sādhuṣv api ca pāpeṣu samabuddhir
viśiṣyate 6.9
yogī yuñjīta satatam ātmānaṃ rahasi
sthitaḥ
ekākī yatacittātmā nirāśīr aparigrahaḥ
6.10
śucau deśe pratiṣṭhāpya sthiram
āsanam ātmanaḥ
nātyucchritaṃ nātinīcaṃ
cailājinakuśottaram 6.11
tatraikāgraṃ manaḥ kṛtvā
yatacittendriyakriyaḥ
upaviśyāsane yuñjyād yogam
ātmaviśuddhaye 6.12
samaṃ kāyaśirogrīvaṃ dhārayann acalaṃ
sthiraḥ
saṃprekṣya nāsikāgraṃ svaṃ diśaś
cānavalokayan
6.13
praśāntātmā vigatabhīr
brahmacārivrate sthitaḥ
manaḥ saṃyamya maccitto yukta āsīta
matparaḥ 6.14
yuñjann evaṃ sadātmānaṃ yogī
niyatamānasaḥ
śāntiṃ nirvāṇaparamāṃ matsaṃsthām
adhigacchati
6.15
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