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Friday, September 16, 2016

Śukadeva's Answer




Śukadeva begins his instructions to the dying King


Śukadeva Replies


Śukadeva said, “You have asked me about what one who is on the verge of death should hear and discuss. Most people have no time for a discussion of the truth about the soul or consciousness. But your question is worthy of the great truth-seekers. Everywhere men have conversations. And all consider their talks to have meaning. But most of these discussions are meaningless because they have nothing to do with the eternal nature of reality. 

Such men and women chatter endlessly, engrossed in material life. Their lives are filled with struggles over money, sex, and family. They have endless arguments about thousands of topics, but avoid talk about the meaning of life, or what to do at the time of death. They are unconcerned with ātma-tattva, the nature of soul and Supersoul. But even while they do not inquire into self-realization, death is inevitable for all.

Śukadeva said, “In the end, the best subject matter for discussion is the Godhead, the Supreme Person. Remembrance of Narayana, the Personal Godhead is the perfection of human life. Whether one practices yoga, mysticism, meditation, dharma, whatever one’s religious principle, jñāna, yoga, or karma, one must try to achieve this perfection which culminates in divine love.

“Advanced souls who have no need of commandments and religiosity delight in describing the Godhead. One such advanced soul was Vyāsa. Fully realized in the Vedas, he himself compiled the Vedic scriptures and even the Mahābhārata. 

He was my teacher. When the Dvāpara age came to a close, he taught me this great treatise, this glorification of the Godhead, this Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, which I shall now reveal to you. This Bhāgavata is no less than the Vedas, and in fact may be considered the ripened fruit of the Vedic desire tree.”

“I myself, O King, was merged in transcendence. I felt myself fixed in spiritual enightenment at the highest level. And yet, upon hearing this divine message I myself was attracted to hear all about the different manifestations, avataras, and divine lila or pastimes of the Lord, Bhagavan Śrī Kṛṣṇa, Reality the Beautiful.

“What I heard from Vyāsa, I shall now recite before you, O King because I consider you a most sincere devotee of Krishna. Whoever listens carefully to this message, whoever gives a faithful, respectful hearing to this recital will attain Mukunda, who gives a gift that makes liberation pale by comparison.

एतन् निर्विद्यमानानाम् इच्छताम् अकुतो-भयम्
योगिनां नृप निर्णीतं हरेर् नामानुकीर्तनम्

etan nirvidyamānānām
icchatām akuto-bhayam
yogināṁ nṛpa nirṇītaṁ
harer nāmānukīrtanam

“O King, constant chanting of the holy name of the Lord after the ways of the great authorities is the doubtless and fearless way of success for all, including those who are free from all material desires, those who are desirous of all material enjoyment, and also those who are self-satisfied by dint of transcendental knowledge.”
~Srimad Bhagavatam 2.1.11 translated by A.C. Bhaktivedānta Swāmī Prabhupāda


“What value is there in living a long life wasted by getting and spending? Far better to have one moment of pure consciousness, one second of divine love, than a hundred years of life in ignorance. The saintly King Khaṭvāṅga, when he heard that he would only live for seconds, at once left aside his material life and took shelter of the Godhead. You yourself, O King have less than seven days to live, having been cursed to die of snake-bite. You have all the time you need to take shelter of Kṛṣṇa. Listen carefully.
“Remember that in the end, you must be brave. You must not fear death. Leave aside your attachment to the body, the mind, and all the desires you hold so dear. You know what must be done. You must leave home. You must practice self-control.

 Find a sacred place where you can bathe in holy waters. Sit there in a quiet place. There you can remember the sacred syllable Oṁ. 


Oṁkara

“Remember Oṁ: the affirmation of the infinite. Yes. He does exist. It is the seed of transcendental sound that animates all the Vedic mantras. Control the breathing. Enter the divine trance.

Yogic trance

Śukadeva continued, “As one’s mind becomes merged in transcendence, it may be withdrawn from sensual experience. Sensation is controlled by intelligence. In this way the uncontrolled mind comes under the influence of the divine and becomes engaged in the service of the Godhead and full transcendental consciousness. 

This is the general procedure for entering into samādhi through pranayama, breath control. Breath control and samādhi will relieve the mind from sensual domination, but only through fixing one’s mind in the service of the Godhead will one achieve divine love.
“These are preliminary instructions. Your time is short; I am giving a summary beginning with advice for neophytes. Proper cleansing of the mind is through transcendental loving service to the Lord beginning with hearing. If practice is performed correctly, progress is assured.”


“Ultimately, at the time of death, one may meditate on the form of the Godhead, beginning with the lotus feet. One may begin with the vibration of Oṁkara, and proceed to concentrate on the name and glories of the Godhead, while meditating on the lotus feet of the Lord. In this way, at the time of death, the mind will become free from all sensual contact and become fixed in Him alone. 




A neophyte may begin with Oṁkara; more advanced meditation involves the divine name and form of the Lord. By this system of remembrance, by understanding the Personal conception of Godhead and by fixing oneself in meditation, O King a yogi can very soon achieve success in bhakti and enter into the world of service.
Śrī Kṛṣṇa: Reality the Beautiful

The King asked, “Can you please explain more about the mind, O saintly one. How can I apply my mind so that I can always see God? And what can I do to avoid negative thinking?”


Invocation: A Love Supreme




Śukadeva said: “ॐ.”
“Oṁ namo bhagavate vāsudevāya”

“Oṁ. Yes. A big yes. My dear Mahārāja Parīkṣita, what you are searching for...it is. Yes. it is.”

Namaḥ--No me.
“Before Him, there is no ‘me.’ I surrender myself.”

“To whom?”

“To Him, to Bhāgavan Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the son of Vāsudeva.”


In his moment of deepest spiritual hunger, Mahārāja Parīkṣita begged Śukadeva to reveal the truth to him and he does so in four words. These four words encapsule the meaning of the entire Śrīmad Bhāgavatam and so they are invoked at the very beginning of Śukadeva’s version.

Oṁ namo bhagavate vāsudevāya

ॐ नमो भगवते वासुदेवाय

Thursday, September 15, 2016

The Royal Question


Śukadeva takes the Vyāsasana


Now, one might wonder what Vyāsa was doing in the audience. His guru Nārada was there as well. But both Vyāsa and Nārada sat quietly and listened with interest to the boy.

Vyāsa was certainly qualified to recite the Bhāgavata. After all, it was his composition. Why, then, was he content to sit and listen to his disciple? Wasn’t he a qualified spiritual master, well-versed in the Vedas? After all, he had written the Vedas.

And yet, the Vedas contain apparently contradictory instructions. Vyāsa himself was unsatisfied with the karmic sections of the Vedas. This was his motive for writing the Bhāgavata. And he was so much associated with the old teachings of the Vedas, he could hardly be the perfect speaker of the Bhāgavata.


Vyāsa composing the Mahābharata

The Vedas are considered to be like a desire tree. A desire tree can fulfill all wishes. So the religious texts of the Vedas has something for everyone who has risen above a basic animal level of consciousness. For one who has developed a moral conscience there is sacrifice and rituals to please the gods and strictures against murder, stealing, adultery, and so on, just as in the Christian Bible. 

Those who are more advanced can find freedom from birth and death by practicing the kinds of meditations advocated in the Upanishads. The Mahābharata gives vivid examples of the Vedic system in action with all the actions and reactions that karma might produce. And a hint of the greatest transcendence is given in the Bhagavad-gita. 

The branches of knowledge found in the Vedic desire tree include a number of sciences from medicine in the Ayur-Veda, to astrology, alchemy, ritual sorcery, ethics in the Artha-Śāstra, and even the practice of the most intense sensual pleasures in the famous Kama-sutra. The philosophical knowledge of Vedic traditions include metaphysics, ontology, cosmology, epistemology, and ethics. And yet, with all these important branches of knowledge, The Bhāgavata is considered to the ripened fruit of the Vedic desire tree because it yields the highest gift: Divine Love.


But Vyāsa had compiled a veritable encyclopedia of mundane and religious information. If he were to represent his own work, it would be more difficult to see in context. The Bhāgavata would be seen as merely another of Vyāsa’s great treatises. its 18,000 verses dwarfed by the far vaster work of the Mahābhārata.

It is said that when a ripened mango has been touched by the beak of a parrot the fruit is much sweeter. The taste is enhanced by the parrot’s beak. Perhaps this is because the parrot, being such a discriminating bird, always chooses the best fruit. 

The parrot is careful to taste only the sweetest fruit. So when one finds a piece of fruit that has been touched by the parrot’s beak, one knows that this fruit must be the best on the tree. Other’s feel that the parrot’s beak itself is endowed with certain properties such that the taste of the fruit is definitely enhanced by its touch.


In any case, Śuka is compared to a parrot: not merely because he could recite each verse exactly as written by Vyāsa himself, but because his natural speech enhances the sweetness of the original Sanskrit. Even though Śukadeva was already enlightened in all respects, he was naturally attracted by the sweetness of this divine work, just as the parrot cannot resist a fully ripened mango.

As he ascended the seat of honor before the condemned king, he paused and looked at those who had gathered there to witness the last days of the great king. All wondered at the sight of this boy. The son of Vyāsa was gentle and mild, only sixteen years old.

His father looked on, glowing in admiration. His son was the perfect representative of the divine message. He saw that Śukadeva was delicately formed. His limbs were well-turned. His eyes were wide as lotus petals. His nose was fine and his ears were raised. All in all, he was handsome. He was naked as the day he was born, and his complexion was that of a raincloud, like unto Kṛṣṇa Himself.

Nārada and the sages, yogis and saints present there could understand from his bearing that he was a saintly person. All rose. As he lowered his eyes at this honor, the women, seated at a distance, found his natural grace and easy smile pleasing to behold.

At that time the great king who had taken a stern vow to fast unto death, Mahārāja Parīkṣit, son of Abhimanyu, grandson of Arjuna, bowed his head in humility. As they stood in respect, Śukadeva Gosvāmī sat in the place of honor surrounded by gods and saints, Rishis and yogis, his father Vyāsa and Nārada the spiritual preceptor of Vyāsa himself. With so many illuminated personalities, Śukadeva looked like the moon surrounded by stars and planets.

And seated on the place of honor, that boy looked serene and wise.
The King came near. He offered his respects with folded hands and, after asking permission, took his seat before the son of Vyāsa.

After offering some sweet words to the boy who glowed with enlightenment, that king said: “As I am desperate and on the verge of death and you are the spiritual master of great saints and devotees, I am therefore begging you to show the way of perfection for all persons, and especially for one who is about to die. You are free from all material attachments. In fact is said that you are so detached that you have no fixed residence: you hardly stay in a houses of men long enough that a cow might be milked. 

The king said, "I accept you as my guru and surrender myself unto thee. Please instruct me. Let me know what one should do when he is on the point of death. What should such a man hear, chant, remember and worship? And also please tell me what he should not do. Please explain all this to me. What is favorable and what is unfavorable?”


“Such was the question of Mahārāja Parikṣita,” said Suta, who was telling the story before the thousands gathered in the forest of Naimisharanya. He paused his narrative. Once again he looked high and saw a beam of light falling through the branches of the banyan tree. On a high branch, there was a Śuka bird, playing in the leaves. This tree bore no sweet fruit, but the bird was pleased to hear the sweet discourse of Suta as he reported what he had heard of the dying king and the young sage who spoke to comfort him in his last days.

And the crowd of 80,000 sages who had gathered to hear Suta’s version were eager to hear more. Now they understood that there was a deeper literature than the Mahābharata. They had heard the Mahābharata from Suta, but had asked for something more.

And as they listened to Suta describe that supernatural conversation that had taken place in the presence of both Vyāsa and Nārada, they knew that deeper secrets were about to be revealed.

And so it was that upon hearing the question asked by King Parikṣita, the crowd that had gathered in the forest leaned closer. They wanted to hear how Śukadeva would answer the king’s questions about birth and death and what is favorable and unfavorable for attaining the highest goal.

Śrī Sūta Gosvāmī cleared his throat. He drank Ganges water from a cup made of lotus leaves. Looking over the crowd of 80,000, he said: “The King thus spoke and questioned the sage, using sweet language. At that time, the son of Vyāsadeva, Bhagavan Śrī Śukadeva, expert in the highest principles of dharma, began his reply.”


Wednesday, September 14, 2016

What do do when death calls?

The King's Anger, A Brahmanas Curse,
 and the Appearance of Shukadeva


Suta explained, “Again the king asked him for water, but the sage sat there, inert. How was it possible that the sage ignored the King of Hastinapura, the grandson of Arjuna, the heir of Yudhisthira, Mahārāja Parīkṣit himself? No seat, no water, no words of welcome came from the forest sage who sat in meditation. This was an insult to the king’s pride! Overcome by thirst, and exhaustion, the king became enraged.

Suta said, “Mahārāja Parīkṣit found a dead snake near the tree, and picking it up with his bow, he placed it on the sage’s shoulder of the sage. Then he returned to his palace.”

Anger is not the true companion of an enlightened soul. Even great souls become indignant with injustice. Even a saint may express outrage at lies, cheating, and sin.

Jesus Christ was famously outraged at the money-lenders in the temple of Jerusalem. And yet, anger is not the normal course for a saint. With wisdom comes compassion, and compassion overcomes anger. In the Bhagavad-gita, when asked about the cause of sin, the Lord reminds Arjuna that sin is a product of attachment and desire: “It is lust only, Arjuna, which is born of contact with the material modes of passion and later transformed into wrath, and which is the all-devouring, sinful enemy of this world. (kāma eṣa krodha eṣa rajo-guṇa-samudbhavaḥ....BG 3.37) Anger is the enemy of enlightenment. Krishna also says, “Being freed from attachment, fear and anger, being fully absorbed in Me and taking refuge in Me, many, many persons in the past became purified by knowledge of Me-and thus they all attained transcendental love for Me. (BG 4.10 vīta-rāga-bhaya-krodhā man-mayā mām upāśritāḥ)” Unfulfilled desires and attachment lead to lust and anger. To free oneself from anger, one should learn how to forgive. Mahārāja Parikṣita was certainly an advanced soul, but he was temporarily overcome with anger, when he was hungry, thirsty and insulted. For such a great king to become angry and envious, especially at a sage and brāhmaṇa, was highly unusual, since he knew that it was wrong to punish brāhmaṇas and sages. As a king, it was within his power to punish a subject for coldly receiving him or neglecting him, but because the culprit was a sage and a brāhmaṇa, his behavior was unprecedented. It may be considered that he was acting under the influence of the age of Kali, but from another point of view, his behavior was ordained by a higher power. The only justification for Mahārāja Parīkṣit's behavior is that it was ordained by the Lord in order that the Bhagavat would be revealed in his conversation with Śukadev. Not a blade of grass moves without the will of the Lord.

Even so, Mahārāja Parkīkṣita soon recovered his composure.
On his way home, he repented his foolish actions, done in pride. He realized that he had acted improperly and prayed to the Lord for forgiveness. But he knew that the reaction would come. Even a king should not offend an innocent brahmana, a sage meditating in the forest. His insult of the sage would bode no good.



Suta continued: “Now that forest sage had a son, Shringi, a teenage boy. By dint of his yoga practice, he had developed great mystic powers. When he returned to his father’s ashram, he found his father decorated with a dead snake, still deep in his trance of meditation.

“Brahmans are the leaders of society,” thought Śringi, “where kings are like our dogs. Having no intelligence of their own, they can only follow our orders. This King Parīkṣit is a dog and should be punished for what he has done. I must protect my father with my mystic power.” Knowledge is power. But a little knowledge is a dangerous thing, especially in the hands of an inexperienced boy.
Suta said, “And so it was that that immature son of a ṛṣi, his eyes red with anger, touched the water of the River Kauśika and cursed that noble King, saying ‘On the seventh day from today a snake-bird will bite that most wretched king Parīkṣit for this insult.’”

“Hearing this, the ṛṣi, awoke from his trance of meditation and saw the dead snake on his shoulder. Throwing the dead snake aside he saw his son and asked what was the matter, whereupon the boy explained how he had cursed the King.

“The ṛṣi shook his head. He began to repent, saying: ‘Oh no, my boy! You have misused your powers. You have given a terrible punishment for a petty offense. Your education is incomplete. You are young and green. You have no idea what you’ve done.’

“When this king dies, justice will be abolished. We shall enter into kali-yuga, the age of quarrel. After the death of this good king the whole world will be filled with thieves and murderers. There will be great social disruptions. War will become commonplace. There will be no respect for women. Animal slaughter will become commonplace. This is on your head. The golden age is finished. Society will fall from the path of a progressive civilization and varnashram dharma. Barbarism will be driven by money and sensual pleasure. In the end a bestial society on the level of dogs and monkeys will reproduce like animals.

“My son. You fool. Parīkṣit is a pious king, a saint amongst royalty, and he has performed many horse sacrifices. When such a king is tired and fatigued, being stricken with hunger and thirst, he does not at all deserve to be cursed. The ṛṣi prayed to the Godhead to pardon his boy, since great souls are so forbearing that even though they are defamed, cheated, cursed, disturbed, neglected or even killed, they are never inclined to avenge themselves.”

Suta said, “In this way, the sage lamented the offense made by his son. But it was too late. The king knew the power of a brahmana’s curse. And his death by snake-bite had already been foretold. He knew the curse had been an act of God, and took it as the Lord’s mercy.

Suta continued, “And so it was that the great Mahārāja Parīkṣita, son of Abhimanyu, decided to prepare himself for death, having been cursed by a brahman.”

Suta said, “In this way, Mahārāja Parīkṣit sat down firmly on the banks of the Ganges to concentrate his mind in Kṛṣṇa consciousness, rejecting all other practices of self-realization. The Ganges is mixed with the dust of the lotus feet of Lord Krishna and tulasī leaves, blessing the three worlds.

“The king sat on the banks of the Ganges to fast until death, knowing that he would die from a snake-bite within the week. He accepted the vows of a sage, having given charge of his kingdom over to his son. In this way, renouncing his kingdom and all his wealth, he focused his mind on the Supreme in meditation.

“The news traveled. It was proclaimed far and wide through traveling brahmanas and celebrated in song that the king in his final hours was prepared for death. All great seers of truth, gurus, rishis, yogis and their followers, all saints and sages, all who bless the holy places by their presence, began to arrive.

“From different parts of the world great sages came to see the king and counsel and bless him before his death. There was Atri the Rishi. Cyavana Muni was there as was Śaradvān. The sages Ariṣṭanemi, and Bhṛgu. Even the great Vasiṣṭha, Parāśara, and Viśvāmitra were there along with Aṅgirā. The great and fearful Paraśurāma himself had come.”

Suta continued, “Among the saints and sages that had assembled were Utathya, Indrapramada, Idhmavāhu, Medhātithi, Devala, Ārṣṭiṣeṇa, Bhāradvāja, Gautama, Pippalāda, Maitreya, Aurva, Kavaṣa, Kumbhayoni.”

“The greatest of these was Krishna Dvaipāyana, Vyāsadeva himself and his spiritual preceptor Nārada, who had inspired him. 






They were both in attendance at what would be the first recital of Vyāsa’s new work. But Vyāsa himself would not read the work. The task would be left to his son, Śukadeva, who was not long in arriving.

“Besides these great souls were also many other divine and powerful beings, great kings and princes.

“When all these important persons gathered to meet the king, he received them with respect and bowed before them as they seated themselves.

“At that time the King, joining his hands in respectful prayer, told those great souls of his determination to fast until the end.
He said: We are blessed by all the great souls who have come here. I will soon meet my fate in the form of a brāhmaṇa’s curse. This is the Lord’s mercy so that I shall give up my attachments to this material world.

The king said, “O brāhmaṇas, please accept me as a completely surrendered soul, and let mother Ganges, the representative of the Lord, also accept me in that way, for I have already taken the lotus feet of the Lord into my heart. Let the snake-bird — or whatever magical thing the brāhmaṇa created — bite me at once. I only desire that you all continue singing the deeds of Lord Viṣṇu.”
The king said, “Again, offering obeisances unto all you brāhmaṇas, I pray that if I should again take my birth in the material world I will have complete attachment to the unlimited Lord Kṛṣṇa, association with His devotees and friendly relations with all living beings.”

Suta said, “At that time Mahārāja Parīkṣit, seated on a straw mat sat facing the north on the southern side of the Ganges. All the gods praised the King’s actions, beat the heavenly drums and showered flowers over the earth.

The sages there also praised the king, saying,
“O best of kings, It is not surprising that you renounce your throne,decorated with the helmets of kings, to achieve eternal association with the Godhead, Bhagavan Śṛī Kṛṣṇa. We shall all wait here until the foremost devotee of the Lord, Mahārāja Parīkṣit, returns to the supreme abode of Kṛṣṇa, which is completely free from all mundane contamination and lamentation.”

In this way, the sages spoke the truth in sweet words, full of meaning. And after this, the king wanted to hear of the activities of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the Sweet Absolute, the Personality of Godhead.

He directed himself to the great spiritual teachers present there and said, “O trustworthy brāhmaṇas, I now ask you about my immediate duty. Please, after proper deliberation, tell me of the unalloyed duty of everyone in all circumstances, and specifically of those who are just about to die.”


At that moment there appeared the powerful son of Vyāsadeva, who traveled over the earth disinterested and satisfied with himself. He did not manifest any symptoms of belonging to any social order or status of life. He was surrounded with women and children, and he dressed as if others had neglected him.




Monday, September 12, 2016

The curse


The Death of a King

Śaunaka said, “Tell us, O Suta, of Śukadeva? Who was he? How was he empowered to speak the Bhāgavata? Under what conditions did he recite that great work? And who were those who were blessed to listen?”





The sage Śaunaka said: We have heard that Śukadeva spoke the Bhagavat to the great king Parikṣita, afer he had been cursed. Tell us the story of that king. How was he born and how did he rule? The womb of Uttarā, mother of Mahārāja Parīkṣit, was spoiled by the dreadful and invincible brahmāstra weapon released by Aśvatthāmā. But Mahārāja Parīkṣit was saved by the Supreme Lord. How was the great emperor Parīkṣit, who was a highly intelligent and great devotee, born in that womb? How was he cursed to die?
How did his death take place, and what did he achieve after his death?
Śaunaka said, “We all respectfully want to hear about Mahārāja Parīkṣit who learned the transcendental knowledge of the Bhagavat from Śukadeva Gosvāmī.”
The sages gathered there nodded their heads and listened, intent on capturing on every word spoken by Suta Goswāmi.
Sūta said: After Yudhiṣṭhira won the war at Kurukshetra, he assumed leadership over the kingdom. From his throne in Hastinapura, he ruled like his father Pandu before him, with generosity and fairness. He had no personal ambition or lust for power. He was a great devotee of Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa. The heavenly planets rang with the glories of Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira’s sacrifice. His queen Draupadi, his brothers Bhima and Arjuna as well as the twins became famous for their great deeds. His opulence was treasured even in the heavens. But he sacrificed everything in the service of Śrī Kṛṣa.

O Śaunaka, Arjuna was the brother of that great king and his son was Abhimanyu. Abhimanyu was married to Uttarā and together they begat Parīkṣit, who would hear the Bhāgavat from Śukadev.

Now, when Parīkṣit, was in the womb of his mother, Uttarā, he was opressed from the curse of the envious son of Drona, Aśvatthāma. The envious Aśvatthāma cast his powerful weapon against Uttarā, hoping to burn to death the heir of Yudhisthira’s kingdom.

But the Lord appeared to Parīkṣit in the womb, saving him from certain death. All rejoiced, and when all stars were right, that great prince took birth.

King Yudhiṣṭhira, for his part was satisfied and ordered the ritual ceremonies of birth performed. Great brāhmaṇas, like Dhaumya and Kṛpa, recited the Vedas at his birth. The king gave charity should in gold, land, villages, elephants, horses and good food grains to the learned and wise. The brahmans in turn recognized the boy as a specially gifted child. And yet they prophesied his death by snake-bite.

The boy grew and learned the art of war and peace from his grandfathers. In time he would become as capable a ruler as Yudhisthira himself.
And yet his rule would coincide with the beginning of the age of Kali, the iron age of strife and quarrel. And after Yudhisthira and his brothers left this mortal plane, Parīkṣit’s rule began. He was a fair and wise king and all loved him.

Now it came to pass that one day when Mahārāja Parīkṣit, was hunting stages in the royal forest he became extremely tired, hungry and thirsty. Exhausted he began to search for water. At length he found the ashram of a sage called Śamīka Ṛṣi. There was the king, exhausted and there was the sage beneath a tree. As the king implored him for water, the sage sat in meditation, his eyes closed.
Again the king asked him for water, but the sage sat there, inert. How was it possible that the sage ignored the King of Hastinapura, the grandson of Arjuna, the heir of Yudhisthira, Mahārāja Parīkṣit himself? No seat, no water, no words of welcome came from the forest sage who sat in meditation. This was an insult to the king’s pride. Overcome by thirst, and exhaustion, the king became enraged.
He found a dead snake near the tree, and picking it up with his bow, he placed it around the sage’s neck. Then he returned to his palace.





Sunday, September 11, 2016

El Tabú de Saber Quién Eres.

El Tabú de Saber Quién Eres.



El mundo académico ha dividido ordenadamente nuestras discusiones según la especialidad. Cunado una discusión acerca de la naturaleza del ser podría pertenecer a la psicología, la biología o la neurociencia, por lo general se canaliza hacia una discusión de fe.
La psicología define un “ser existencial” vs un “Ser categórico”, ese es el sentido de quien eres en un sentido existencial vs las distintas categorías que informan tu participación en el mundo fenomenal. El “ser existencial” es el sujeto.

Debido a que es el ser quien experimenta todos los fenómenos, ha de tener un ser existencial aparte de la realidad objetiva.
Y sin embargo pensamos del ser en términos de esas distintas categorías, como descripción física, personalidad, y rol social.

Pero mientras que la palabra “psique” quiere decir “ser interno”, la sicología moderna se enfoca en describir el pensamiento y el comportamiento. En la psicología actual, vemos hacia la relación entre el pensamiento y el comportamiento. Y tratamos de explicar sus causas para poder entender, predecir e incluso influir el comportamiento.

Freud no estaba interesado en el “ser” como un problema espiritual per se. Estudió los aspectos de la personalidad, etiquetando el “Ego”, el “Yo” y el “Súper Yo” Su análisis en sí se distancia de la religión o la realidad existencial con el interés de resolver los problemas de neurosis y de psicología anormal. A propósito elimina cualquier consideración sobrenatural sobre su análisis, ya que anhelaba posicionar su sistema como una nueva clase de ciencia. Los sicólogos modernos siguen su ejemplo y se hacen cargo de un estudio del “ser”  o del “alma” solo como una especie de “verdad útil” mencionada por Stephen Hawkings


“No hay verdad. Sólo verdades útiles” Stephen Hawkings.
A menos que podamos usar la información para influir en el comportamiento, el conocimiento del ser no es una “verdad útil” y por ello no merece estudiarse. ¿Por qué querría alguien “influir el comportamiento”?

Los “Madmen” de las relaciones públicas de los 60’s inventaron como propaganda los anuncios.
Bueno de hecho la educación es el esfuerzo social para influir en el cambio de comportamiento de los jóvenes, para ayudarlos a adaptarse mejor a las necesidades del futuro. En una sociedad comercial, el mundo corporativo e industrial necesita “influir el comportamiento” con el fin de asegurar la fuerza laboral productiva. El mundo político también tiene un interés en influir el comportamiento, para que los ciudadanos se conformen con las reglas del estado.
Las “verdades útiles” de la sicología se usan para manipular votantes y construir consenso.

Chomsky: Construyendo Consenso.

Y de nuevo la sociedad consumista necesita la sabiduría de la psicología para influir en los consumidores para identificarse con una marca y para comprar sus productos.
Además de influir en el comportamiento, la sicología se usa como una especie de “válvula de seguridad”, cuando los ciudadanos de una sociedad de consumo fallan en adaptarse al estrés. Pero cuando la idea de ser considera algo metafísico, la sicología moderna carece completamente de interés en las cuestiones del ser. Esas cuestiones no producen “verdades útiles”. Por encima de todas esas cuestiones está el tabú por razones políticas.
La ciencia dura produce “verdades útiles”. La física cuántica condujo hacia la división del átomo y la bomba atómica. La investigación biológica condujo al emplazamiento de armas virales de viruela y ántrax, junto con drogas y antibióticos innovadores, el Prozac, y el Viagra. ¿Qué verdad puede ser más útil que una droga que puede proveer una erección instantánea en políticos y científicos de edad avanzada?
Viagra: ¿”verdad útil” para los científicos?
La física y la biología, luego la “ciencia pura”. Proporcionan respuestas indiscutibles que conducen a soluciones tecnológicas. ¿Por qué corromper estas “ciencias puras” con estas cuestiones sentimentaloides del ser? Formular preguntas acerca de los orígenes de la consciencia en algún foro científico serio equivale al suicidio académico. Esto ha sido bien documentado por Rupert Sheldrake. Sheldrake habla de los científicos.
Su charla sobre las prohibiciones de la ciencia moderna fue censurada y prohibida en TedTalks.
Pero si el ser no es un tópico para la sicología, la física o la biología, ¿qué hay de la filosofía? La investigación académica depende de universidades, publicaciones y garantiza su supervivencia. Los fondos van hacia las “ciencias duras” puesto que ellas producen “verdades útiles” que pueden monetizar. Es difícil monetizar una discusión acerca del ser. Las ciencias  “suaves” como la sicología y la filosofía tienen que servir a las necesidades de la sociedad de consumo la cual patrocina la investigación académica. Los sicólogos pueden encontrar trabajo en el mundo de la publicidad y comunicación corporativa para ayudar a manipular la opinión pública.
Los filósofos se quedan con la lógica y el análisis lingüístico, gracias a Wittgenstein quien señaló que gran parte de la filosofía y la razón implican sutilezas y sutiles objeciones acerca del significado del lenguaje.
Afortunadamente, la lógica ha sido recatada por la tecnología informática y ha codificado los números en su lenguaje informático, pero esto también carece de alma. La lógica no tiene nada que decir acerca de la metafísica.
Y así, en el mundo académico, una discusión acerca del ser como Alma, como Ente, puede permitirse en un estudio preliminar de la filosofía en donde el profesor se burla de tales puntos de vista primitivos fantásticos antes de hablar de Bertand Russell o de Wittgenstein. Esos filósofos promueven la filosofía del sinsentido. Enseñan que la filosofía no tiene nada que enseñar.
Pero para aquellos interesados en algo más profundo, el profesor referirá a sus estudiantes hacia sus iglesias locales para discutir la “Fe”.
De este modo, el conocimiento del ser es sentenciado al ghetto de los grupos religiosos locales. Desafortunadamente, el grupo local puede caer en la categoría de “Religión”, y este es un ejemplo del “ser categórico”.


La discusión del ser a nivel local puede ser una valiosa experiencia, sin embargo, los grupos religiosos locales, tal vez estén más interesado en obtener voluntarios para la venta de panes del domingo que en una discusión profunda acerca del Ser.
Discusión del ser, sobre té y manzanas con Asutosh en el Kiev, 2015
Y por lo tanto nuestro discurso sobre el Alma, el Ser, Dios, Ente, y Ontología se empobrece a nivel académico, incluso mientras nuestros sentidos y mentes son bombardeados con los anuncios sicológicamente calculados para influenciar sobre nosotros una concepción equivocada del ser.
Consciencia de Sociedad vs, Consciencia de Dios
No necesitamos ningún estímulo para creer que lo que es bueno para los sentidos es bueno para mí. Los ojos ven, los oídos oyen, la piel siente. Pero si nada más corro atrás de los objetos de los sentidos. No soy mejor que un animal. La civilización ha dejado atrás la sensualidad de la vida bestial.
Una sociedad de consumo quiere que sus ciudadanos participen de la fuerza de trabajo, que contribuyan con los impuestos, y gasten tanto como sea posible para continuar con la taza de crecimiento que impulsa la economía. La religión es útil en la medida que mantenga a los ciudadanos bajo control.
El filósofo francés cuyas ideas influyeron más a los primeros autores de la Constitución Norteamericana fue Jean Jacques Rousseau. Aunque Rousseau exaltó las virtudes del Salvage Noble, se dio cuenta de la necesidad de mantener los impulsos básicos bajo control. En “El Contrato Social”, una obra fundamental que acuña la idea de los derechos humanos, Rousseau sostiene que “la religión es buena en cuanto une la adoración divina a el amor hacia la ley, y en hacer de la patria el objeto de adoración de los ciudadanos, les enseña que el servicio al estado es el servicio del dios tutelar”.  (El contrato Social, Du Contract Social, 1762 )
“Si el único propósito de la religión es reforzar el estado, entonces una religión civil es la que hay que escoger: inspira obediencia y servicio, pero nunca puede convertirse en un punto de vista independiente desde el cual pueda criticarse al estado o llamar a realizar fechorías. La religión es necesaria para proveer al estado de soportes morales; pero si la religión se separa del estado, entonces siempre existe el peligro de que los decretos de la religión no se adapten a los del estado y que en su lugar exija positivamente la desobediencia”.
Los estados modernos van tras las enseñanzas de Rousseau, especialmente en lo referente a lo de los decretos religiosos que ordenan la desobediencia. Mientras la religión sirve para gobernar los instintos animales básicos de la población y los estimula a seguir las leyes, esa religión es bienvenida. Pero cuando cuestiona al estado hay consecuencias, como por ejemplo cuando Gandhi retó al Raj Británico con base en su búsqueda personal de la verdad o Satyagraha.
Pero la religión falla en su función cuando anima a los ciudadanos a cuestionar el oren establecido.
Y entonces el orden político académico y religioso desanima el auto-examen y la auto-realización.
Conformismo
La educación fomenta el conformismo; la religión que impone el conformismo es bienvenida por el estado. Mientras que el ser consciente y la contemplación del ser eterno rehúyen al conformismo, sin embargo, es reprimido por las propias autoridades quienes promueven la religión social.
El más grande filósofo, el más afamado por se in conformista. Por supuesto fue Sócrates. El indicó que  “Vida que no se examina, no vale la pena vivirla”. Y quien más tarde fue forzado a tomar su propia vida tomando cicuta por no “encajar”. Nuestra sociedad moderna desalmada es tan calculadora como la del tirano griego Alcibiades para asegurarse de que nadie tome demasiado en serio el auto-examen.
Es una extraña ironía que el conformismo ante las reglas sociales y la religión conducen hacia el materialismo en donde el verdadero examen  nos conduce hacia el entendimiento de Dios y el sacrificio.
Śrīla Śrīdhara Mahārāja solía decir, “La Consciencia de Sociedad y la Conciencia de Dios. Estas dos siempre se confrontan”.
Los místicos y los santos nos dan una consciencia de Dios y la divinidad. Pero sus seguidores codifican sus enseñanzas e intentan involucrar a la comunidad. La comunidad construye una iglesia y crea una religión. Pero pronto la religión necesita construir una iglesia más grande, necesita donaciones, necesita dinero para que se mantenga la religión vigente. Los ancianos del pueblo participan, pero también usan a los líderes religiosos para que cumplan con sus edictos, La ley moral, la regla ética, y la conveniencia política de todo entrelazado inseparablemente con la religión. Las codificaciones morales de la religión garantizan la conformidad en la sociedad. Esto es llamado dharma social. Al final, Arjuna es animado a la revuelta contra el dharma social, o la consciencia social, aceptando un llamado más elevado del dharma trascendental o de la consciencia de Dios. (sarva-dharmān parityajyā...)
En Śrī Guru y Su Gracia, Śrīdhara Mahārāja describe la dicotomía entre el dharma social y el trascendental.
“Kṛṣṇa dice, “Abandona todo. Ven directamente a Mí”. Esta es la forma revolucionaria. Esto es absoluto. Y esto es relativo: “Mantente dentro de tu propio clan. No los dejes”, Esa es la concepción nacional. Hay consciencia de nación y consciencia de Dios, consciencia de sociedad y consciencia de Dios. La consciencia de Dios es absoluta. Si la consciencia de sociedad obstaculiza el “desarrollo de la consciencia de Dios, ha de ser abandonado. Esto es confirmado en el Śrīmad Bhāgavatam (5.5.18):
gurur na sa syāt sva-jano na sa syāt
pitā na sa syāj jananī na sā syāt
daivaṁ na tat syān na patiś cha sa syān
na mochayed yaḥ samupeta-mṛtyum
“Incluso un maestro espiritual, un familiar, un esposo o un semi-dios que no pueda salvarnos del nacimiento repetido y la muerte ha de ser abandonado de inmediato. Qué decir de las cosas ordinarias, incluso el guru ha de ser abandonado. Uno puede incluso renunciar a la propia guía espiritual, como en el caso de Bali Maharaja, o a los parientes propios, como en el caso de Vibhīṣaṇ. En el caso de Prahlāda, tuvo que renunciar a su padre, y en el caso de Bharat Maharaja, a su madre. En el caso de Khaṭvāṅga Mahārāj, abandonó a los semidioses, y en el caso de las yajña-patnīs (esposas de los brāhmaṇs), dejaron a sus esposos en un esfuerzo por llegar hasta la Personalidad Absoluta. “Sólo necesitamos a la sociedad si nos ayuda, Si nuestra afinidad con la sociedad nos mantiene abajo, entonces eso ha de abandonarse, debemos continuar la marcha. Hay consideraciones absolutas y relativas”
Cuando estas chocan lo relativo ha de abandonarse y se ha de aceptar lo absoluto”.
“Si mi voz interior, mi consciencia espiritual, decide que cierta clase de compañía no puede ayudarme, entonces me veré en la dolorosa decisión de tener que dejarla y correr hacia mi destino, hacia donde mi consciencia espiritual me guíe. Cualquier otro curso sería hipocresía y probará mi progreso verdadero. Si somos sinceros en nuestro intento, entonces nadie podrá ponernos a prueba en el mundo ni nos engañará; solo podremos engañarnos a nosotros mismos (na hi kalyāṇa-kṛt kaśchid durgatiṁ tāta gachchhati). Debemos ser auténticos con nosotros mismos, y fieles hacia el señor Supremo. Debemos ser sinceros”.
El mensaje aquí es claro: Cuando el dharma social o “consciencia de sociedad” entra en conflicto con el dharma trascendental o “Consciencia de Dios”, la primera ha de hacerse a un lado. Debemos seguir nuestra consciencia, incluso si esto significa ser condenado por nuestros amigos.
Por lo que la discusión del ser, la búsqueda de la verdad nos conducirán lejos del opaco conformismo con sus normas de sociedad.
Este es el conflicto central enfrentado por Vyāsa en su composición del Mahābharata. Su obra promueve el dharma al mismo tiempo que promueve  la búsqueda de la vida divina. Vyāsa se esmera en mantener los principios religiosos que sirven como base a la sociedad. Pero al final, la carga es demasiado grande. Al final, rechaza el dharma social al principio de su mayor obra, el Śrīmad Bhāgavatam. Ha de mencionarse que el Bhāgavat retoma en el punto en donde el Bhagavad Gita sale.
 ṇātधर्मः प्रोज्झित-कैतवोत्र परमो निर्मत्सराणां सतां
वेद्यं वास्तवम् अत्र वस्तु शिवदं ताप-त्रयोन्मूलनम्
श्रीमद्-भागवते महा-मुनि-कृते किं वा परैर् ईश्वरः
सद्यो हृद्य् अवरुध्यतेत्र कृतिभिः शुश्रूषुभिस् तत्-क्षणात्
SB 1.1.2
dharmaḥ projjhita-kaitavo ’tra paramo nirmatsarāṇāṁ satāṁ
 vedyaṁ vāstavam atra vastu śivadaṁ tāpa-trayonmūlanam
śrīmad-bhāgavate mahā-muni-kṛte kiṁ vā parair īśvaraḥ
 sadyo hṛdy avarudhyate ’tra kṛtibhiḥ śuśrūṣubhis tat-kṣa
“Rechazando completamente todo el dharma social, toda religión materialista, el Bhāgavat Purana otorga la verdad más elevada, que conocen los de corazón puro. Para beneficio de todos, aquí se revela la verdad más elevada. Esto se distingue de verdad de la ilusión. Esta verdad alivia todo el sufrimiento, empezando con las tres clases de miserias. Este hermoso Bhāgavat compilado por el gran santo Vyāsadeva hasta su conclusión, es suficiente en sí mismo para la realización de Dios. ¿Qué necesidad hay de alguna otra escritura? Tan pronto como uno escucha atenta y sumisamente el mensaje del Bhāgavat; por el cultivo de este conocimiento el Señor Supremo se establece en el corazón.”
El Bhagavat no tiene nada que ver con la “religión social” Tal como los Upanishads se basan en la profunda meditación realizada por los grandes santos, el Bhāgavat sigue sus pasos apoyado en las almas realizadas. Se ha dicho que todo el sistema de yoga se basa en la premisa de concentrar la mente en el Ser Supremo y dejando a un lado la fascinación por los objetos de los sentidos. ¿Qué sucede cuando uno realiza esto exitosamente? ¿Y qué si un grupo de tales yoguis se reúne a compartir sus conclusiones? ¡Podrán sus revelaciones constituir una “iglesia” o una religión? Vyāsa, el autor descarta esta versión. Las conclusiones del Bhāgavat no tienen nada que ver con la “religión establecida”. Las ideas expresadas en los Upaniṣads no son sectarias. Son reflexiones sobrias de la realidad. A nadie se le pide vestirse de un cierto modo o seguir un credo de un guru carismático. Los Upaniṣads meramente estudian la naturaleza del alma y la consciencia y llegan a ciertas conclusiones. El Bhāgavat no es distinto de los Upaniṣads, sólo extiende su significado.
En su esencia, todas las religiones, incluyendo las que promueven el dharma social se esfuerzan por alcanzar la misma verdad divina. Bhaktivinod Ṭhākura en su  Kṛṣṇa-Saṁhita afirma, “Los principios religiosos enseñados por Mohammed y Jesucristo son similares a los principios religiosos enseñados por la secta Vaiṣṇava. El Budismo y el Jainismo son similares al Saiva-dharma. Esta es una consideración científica de las verdades referentes a los principios religiosos. Aquellos que consideran que sus propios principio religiosos como verdadero dharma y los principios religiosos de otros como irreligión o sub-religión son incapaces de determinar la verdad debido a que están influenciados por prejuicios. En realidad, los principios religiosos seguidos por el común de la gente solo son distintos debido a la calificación de los practicantes, pero los principios constitucionales religiosos de todas las entidades vivientes son uno. No es apropiado para una persona que es como un cisne el rechazar los principios religiosos que la gente en general sigue de acuerdo a su situación”.
No estamos aquí involucrados en rechazar los principios de la religión social que sirven como una especie de “pegamento” que mantiene unida a la institución social. Y sin embargo, somos humildes en el intento de dirigir la atención hacia un entendimiento más profundo del “ser” y la “consciencia” y consideramos los aspectos trascendentales de nuestra condición existencial.
Si es verdad que “todo el sistema yoga está basado en la premisa de concentrar la mente en el Ser Supremo  hacer un lado la fascinación por los objetos de los sentidos”, esto implica algunas cosas acerca del sacrificio, la ética y la vida recta.