Exploitation and the mythology of science...

Mythology is our attempt to make sense of the world: We tell stories that explain why things are the way the are. Science is supposed to be an objective study of reality. These days we feel that science has much better explanations. But so-called scientists often pass off mythology as truth.

Science has its own mythology. Science as such doesn't really exist as an ideology; it is a methodology, a way of getting at truth. A scientist has to see, question, theorise and test.  But much of what passes as science is mythology: Star Wars, Star Trek, Back to the Future. We believe the mythology because we have faith, based on the advances we've seen. We've gone from Dick Tracy to real two-way wrist radios sold by Apple.

Why not believe? 

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/11699199/From-hoverboards-to-self-tying-shoes-6-predictions-that-Back-to-the-Future-II-got-right.html

http://gawker.com/5667202/11-things-from-back-to-the-future-ii-that-actually-came-true-and-3-that-havent-yet

And yet some of what we are sold just isn't true. I had a jolting experience recently when I visited the space museum in Moscow. I saw Yuri Gagarin's flight suit and the capsules used by the original cosmonauts. They even had a mockup of the sputnik.

I remember as a schoolboy back in the early 60s we were shocked by the sputnik. It was an ominous event presaging an atomic war. The Russians had conquered space. But seeing the actual artefact in a museum I felt cheated. 

The tiny shining object was hardly menacing. It looked more like a vintage samovar than a weapon. Yuri Gagarin's flight suit was hardly the stuff of Star Wars. It was made out of cheap plastic. And Yuri Gagarin himself was short. He had to be to fit into the tiny capsule. 

Yuri Gagarin: Spam in a can?

He may have been a hero of the people, but he was hardly a giant of a man physically. I think this capsule defines "spam in a can."

Walking through the different space exhibits I had the same impression. I have some old computers in my closet that look more impressive than the space junk launched back in the 60s. 

Space junk: Ancient flight computer from Russian space program

Still, at the time we were astonished at the technology. Up close and personal the sputnik had all the menace of an old Coca Cola can. 

Me and Sputnik at the Space Museum in Moscow

But in the 1960s this justified an arms race costing millions of dollars. The space race was the centrepiece of a cold war that was fought with proxy battles all over the globe. 

Russian Space Monkey who orbited the globe before John Glenn in the 1960s.

And for what?  In school we were told about the mythology of the great superpowers locked in a struggle for world domination. James Bond and Superman were going to save the world from communism and make it safe for democracy.  

Black hat and leather jacket of Sputnik Rocket Scientist Sergei Korolov at the Space Museum in Moscow.

I'm as grateful as anyone for the satellite technology that makes it possible for me to write this article and send it to you over the internet. 

But let's face it, much of what we were told was mythology or if you like, marketing.

The marketing of science as the answer to everything fits neatly into a consumerist world view which values new toys over insight. A growing economy is vital for progress, we're told. To keep the economy growing we must spend more. The best economic model is exploitation. 

Apparently the inevitable progress of man flows logically from positivistic science. Capitalism is the natural extension of survival of the fittest. Science has given us great achievements and so we should follow its conclusions. 

Russian friends with Vijayanti, Asutosh, Tai Tello and Chintamani

And what are these conclusions? God doesn't exist. The universe is nothing more than atoms in the void. There's no need for an origin story, but if there were such a need, we have the Big Bang theory. As far as the origin of life goes, we needn't really ask the question about where life comes from; it's not germane to our daily existence. 

"I'm not a scientist, but I play one on TV."

And if the question arises, we refer to the remote past millions of years ago when some primordial soup was ignited by an electrical spark. Everything since then is evolution. These demonstrably mythological ideas flow from one to the other and must not be questioned. Any who dare question the mythology are heretics or fanatics or worse, "believers." And since "belief" is unscientific, it must be dismissed.

20th Century Mythological view of Creation

Neither are people of conscience encouraged to question the consequences of the positivist world-view. They are stamped as "religious" and sneered at: religion, after all is the root of all evil.

But what if we consider the result of total exploitation of the earth planet for example as one of the outcomes of the scientific world view?

Speaking back in the 1980s, my spiritual preceptor Sridhar Maharaja had this to say about exploitation. What do you think?

"This plane of aggrandisement and exploitation cannot be the be-all and end-all of existence. “Exploit others and live.” That is suicidal in itself. Daily, civilisation and science are increasing the circumference of extortion of power from nature, taking a loan from nature, and that must be paid to the farthing. “To every action there is equal and opposite reaction.” This civilisation, wholesale, is a negative one. It is on debt from nature, and this debt must be paid back to the farthing.

To maintain one body, thousands of bodies are to be sacrificed, and then only one body can stand. This is a filthy conception of life. It is suicidal in itself. So, this is no civilisation. It is not life. It a hateful form of life: at the cost of other beings, we are to maintain ourselves. “Thousands of lives must be sacrificed to maintain one.” This is a hateful conception of life. It is the plane of exploitation. Then there is the plane of renunciation, a negative reactionary plane, then there is the positive plane of service, of dedication. That is the really civilised position. The civilised position is to serve and live.

In the lower part of that plane, there is some consideration for oneself. Above that, the spontaneous and unconcerned enterprise of service in love holds the highest position in our conception. That is Goloka Vṛndāvan, and that is Kṛṣṇa consciousness. Everyone is to exhaustively finish themself in the service of the Lord’s paraphernalia where Kṛṣṇa is king. That is the most laudable and high form of life, free from any form of consideration for oneself: to exhaustively give one’s whole self to the Absolute Good.

To put food in the stomach is real help to the body, not to put food on other parts of the body. To pour water on the root of the tree is proper service to the tree, not to pour water on the branches and the leaves of the tree, ignoring the root. That is anti-harmony, anti-existence. The real conception of the Truth is sat-chit-ānanda [eternity, consciousness, and joy], satyam śivam sundaram [eternity, goodness, and beauty]. We cut off the root of these fundamental principles if we do not accept the plane of dedication.

Spontaneous dedication is the real interest of every unit in the organic whole. The real fulfilment of every unit, whatever it may and wherever it may be found, is in its highest sacrifice, and thereby it also thrives highly. This is the teaching of Mahāprabhu and Bhāgavatam. Give more and have more. Not only in quantity, but in quality. We must be conscious of quality. It must be ahaitukī, causeless. Without any calculation of any gain, give yourself desperately. Be desperate to give yourself, and you will also be the gainer in that line. Give and have. But giving must be to the highest centre. That, of course, is the only condition. Giving is Kṛṣṇa consciousness."

Srila B.R. Sridhar Dev-Goswami Maharaj

(Thanks to Julie Cluer for the quote)

Clearly the exploitative model of civilisation has failed us. A healthy scepticism about this model is hardly fanaticism. In fact, for all their claims to "scientific progress," the greatest exponents of  exploitation are themselves anti-scientific. While the mythology of the Big Bang theory is far from conclusive, the science on climate change is well-researched.

The idea that burning fossil fuels heats the planet is proven science. And yet the myth-makers who promote exploitation refuse to accept the facts. Massive traffic jams and dirty air might be evidence enough that a petroleum-based model of economic growth is unsustainable. But climate scientists have demonstrated clear links between massive hurricanes, rising seas, global warming, and fossil fuel consumption. 

Never mind the civil wars, blood, and refugees that flow from conflicts over the control of oil resources. The human cost of this intense exploitation should be clear. 

But the environmental cost is probably irreversible. And yet in this highly technologized society no one calls for an end to oil use. No one calls for a moratorium on car production. Science demonstrates that oil use is dangerous, yet no one seriously questions oil consumption. No one calls for the end of the automobile. That would be "Luddite."

Our insistence on progress devolves from our belief in the mythology of exploitation.  More exploitation means growth and progress. That this is patently false doesn't matter. 

The mythology only works if we go on consuming the propaganda. Here in Mexico the analog television signal is scheduled to be turned off in the next six months. So the Mexican government is giving away millions of free digital TVs. 

Propaganda at work: Free TVs for the people of Mexico

http://aristeguinoticias.com/2906/mexico/como-obtener-una-television-digital-gratis-infografia/

This is not a question of generosity. If people tune out the propaganda they won't vote for the party in power. And so the party in power gives away TVs so that people will know how to vote and what to buy.  We believe what we see on TV.

What people believed in ancient times is called mythology. The unproved story about reality that we absorb daily is called "journalism," and sometimes "marketing."  Increasingly "news" has been corrupted. https://onpoint.wbur.org/2015/10/26/robert-parry-iran-contra-investigative-journalism

Meanwhile those who practice "journalism" as truth-telling are jailed, killed, or denounced as traitors.

Edward Snowden: Exiled in Russia for explaining that we are being watched.

Advertising and marketing saturate our daily experience. Mythology created by advertising agencies drives our perception of reality: in 1948 Orwell described the creation of enemies by the state as an example of the results of propaganda. 

People are trained with propaganda and disinformation to hate the enemies of the state. Perpetual war keeps people panicked. The bad guys have black hats,  while the good guys wear white hats. Once a bad guy has been anointed, the media is manipulated to keep the bad guy front and center where he can be pilloried and ridiculed, feared and hated until it is time to go to war. It doesn't matter who the enemy is. The important thing is to enforce a true belief in the mythology by uniting the people against the bad guy. 

"I am Spartacus!"

This strategy was employed by the Romans against Spartacus, by the Inquisition against Jews and Moors, and more famously formulated by Trotsky after the Russian Revolution. Ironically Trotsky's own strategy was used against him when he was murdered here in Mexico by Stalin's agents. Trotsky advanced the idea of "permanent revolution" as a way of united the people against an external threat. His ideas were later appropriated by the neoconservative movement in the United States, according to  Former neoconservative luminary Francis Fukuyama of Stanford (formerly of Johns Hopkins) compares the neoconservative movement to Leninism. Neoconservatism, according to Fukuyama, is the reincarnation to some extent of both Leninism and Bolshevism. In a famous New York Times article, Fukuyama writes...
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/magazine/neo.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0

The roots of neoconservatism lie in a remarkable group of largely Jewish intellectuals who attended City College of New York (C.C.N.Y.) in the mid- to late 1930's and early 1940's, a group that included Irving Kristol, Daniel Bell, Irving Howe, Nathan Glazer and, a bit later, Daniel Patrick Moynihan. The story of this group has been told in a number of places, most notably in a documentary film by Joseph Dorman called "Arguing the World." The most important inheritance from the C.C.N.Y. group was an idealistic belief in social progress and the universality of rights, coupled with intense anti-Communism.

It is not an accident that many in the C.C.N.Y. group started out as Trotskyites. Leon Trotsky was, of course, himself a Communist, but his supporters came to understand better than most people the utter cynicism and brutality of the Stalinist regime. The anti-Communist left, in contrast to the traditional American right, sympathized with the social and economic aims of Communism, but in the course of the 1930's and 1940's came to realize that "real existing socialism" had become a monstrosity of unintended consequences that completely undermined the idealistic goals it espoused. While not all of the C.C.N.Y. thinkers became neoconservatives, the danger of good intentions carried to extremes was a theme that would underlie the life work of many members of this group.

If there was a single overarching theme to the domestic social policy critiques issued by those who wrote for the neoconservative journal The Public Interest, founded by Irving Kristol, Nathan Glazer and Daniel Bell in 1965, it was the limits of social engineering. Writers like Glazer, Moynihan and, later, Glenn Loury argued that ambitious efforts to seek social justice often left societies worse off than before because they either required massive state intervention that disrupted pre-existing social relations (for example, forced busing) or else produced unanticipated consequences (like an increase in single-parent families as a result of welfare). A major theme running through James Q. Wilson's extensive writings on crime was the idea that you could not lower crime rates by trying to solve deep underlying problems like poverty and racism; effective policies needed to focus on shorter-term measures that went after symptoms of social distress (like subway graffiti or panhandling) rather than root causes. 

How, then, did a group with such a pedigree come to decide that the "root cause" of terrorism lay in the Middle East's lack of democracy, that the United States had both the wisdom and the ability to fix this problem and that democracy would come quickly and painlessly to Iraq? Neoconservatives would not have taken this turn but for the peculiar way that the cold war ended.

Ronald Reagan was ridiculed by sophisticated people on the American left and in Europe for labeling the Soviet Union and its allies an "evil empire" and for challenging Mikhail Gorbachev not just to reform his system but also to "tear down this wall." His assistant secretary of defense for international security policy, Richard Perle, was denounced as the "prince of darkness" for this uncompromising, hard-line position; his proposal for a double-zero in the intermediate-range nuclear arms negotiations (that is, the complete elimination of medium-range missiles) was attacked as hopelessly out of touch by the bien-pensant centrist foreign-policy experts at places like the Council on Foreign Relations and the State Department. That community felt that the Reaganites were dangerously utopian in their hopes for actually winning, as opposed to managing, the cold war.

And yet total victory in the cold war is exactly what happened in 1989-91. Gorbachev accepted not only the double zero but also deep cuts in conventional forces, and then failed to stop the Polish, Hungarian and East German defections from the empire. Communism collapsed within a couple of years because of its internal moral weaknesses and contradictions, and with regime change in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, the Warsaw Pact threat to the West evaporated.

The way the cold war ended shaped the thinking of supporters of the Iraq war, including younger neoconservatives like William Kristol and Robert Kagan, in two ways. First, it seems to have created an expectation that all totalitarian regimes were hollow at the core and would crumble with a small push from outside. The model for this was Romania under the Ceausescus: once the wicked witch was dead, the munchkins would rise up and start singing joyously about their liberation. As Kristol and Kagan put it in their 2000 book "Present Dangers": "To many the idea of America using its power to promote changes of regime in nations ruled by dictators rings of utopianism. But in fact, it is eminently realistic. There is something perverse in declaring the impossibility of promoting democratic change abroad in light of the record of the past three decades." 

This overoptimism about postwar transitions to democracy helps explain the Bush administration's incomprehensible failure to plan adequately for the insurgency that subsequently emerged in Iraq. The war's supporters seemed to think that democracy was a kind of default condition to which societies reverted once the heavy lifting of coercive regime change occurred, rather than a long-term process of institution-building and reform. While they now assert that they knew all along that the democratic transformation of Iraq would be long and hard, they were clearly taken by surprise. According to George Packer's recent book on Iraq, "The Assassins' Gate," the Pentagon planned a drawdown of American forces to some 25,000 troops by the end of the summer following the invasion. 

By the 1990's, neoconservatism had been fed by several other intellectual streams. One came from the students of the German Jewish political theorist Leo Strauss, who, contrary to much of the nonsense written about him by people like Anne Norton and Shadia Drury, was a serious reader of philosophical texts who did not express opinions on contemporary politics or policy issues. Rather, he was concerned with the "crisis of modernity" brought on by the relativism of Nietzsche and Heidegger, as well as the fact that neither the claims of religion nor deeply-held opinions about the nature of the good life could be banished from politics, as the thinkers of the European Enlightenment had hoped. Another stream came from Albert Wohlstetter, a Rand Corporation strategist who was the teacher of Richard Perle, Zalmay Khalilzad (the current American ambassador to Iraq) and Paul Wolfowitz (the former deputy secretary of defense), among other people. Wohlstetter was intensely concerned with the problem of nuclear proliferation and the way that the 1968 Nonproliferation Treaty left loopholes, in its support for "peaceful" nuclear energy, large enough for countries like Iraq and Iran to walk through.

I have numerous affiliations with the different strands of the neoconservative movement. I was a student of Strauss's protégé Allan Bloom, who wrote the bestseller "The Closing of the American Mind"; worked at Rand and with Wohlstetter on Persian Gulf issues; and worked also on two occasions for Wolfowitz. Many people have also interpreted my book "The End of History and the Last Man" (1992) as a neoconservative tract, one that argued in favor of the view that there is a universal hunger for liberty in all people that will inevitably lead them to liberal democracy, and that we are living in the midst of an accelerating, transnational movement in favor of that liberal democracy. This is a misreading of the argument. "The End of History" is in the end an argument about modernization. What is initially universal is not the desire for liberal democracy but rather the desire to live in a modern — that is, technologically advanced and prosperous — society, which, if satisfied, tends to drive demands for political participation. Liberal democracy is one of the byproducts of this modernization process, something that becomes a universal aspiration only in the course of historical time.

"The End of History," in other words, presented a kind of Marxist argument for the existence of a long-term process of social evolution, but one that terminates in liberal democracy rather than communism. In the formulation of the scholar Ken Jowitt, the neoconservative position articulated by people like Kristol and Kagan was, by contrast, Leninist; they believed that history can be pushed along with the right application of power and will. Leninism was a tragedy in its Bolshevik version, and it has returned as farce when practiced by the United States. Neoconservatism, as both a political symbol and a body of thought, has evolved into something I can no longer support. 

The Failure of Benevolent Hegemony

The Bush administration and its neoconservative supporters did not simply underestimate the difficulty of bringing about congenial political outcomes in places like Iraq; they also misunderstood the way the world would react to the use of American power. Of course, the cold war was replete with instances of what the foreign policy analyst Stephen Sestanovich calls American maximalism, wherein Washington acted first and sought legitimacy and support from its allies only after the fact. But in the post-cold-war period, the structural situation of world politics changed in ways that made this kind of exercise of power much more problematic in the eyes of even close allies. After the fall of the Soviet Union, various neoconservative authors like Charles Krauthammer, William Kristol and Robert Kagan suggested that the United States would use its margin of power to exert a kind of "benevolent hegemony" over the rest of the world, fixing problems like rogue states with W.M.D., human rights abuses and terrorist threats as they came up. Writing before the Iraq war, Kristol and Kagan considered whether this posture would provoke resistance from the rest of the world, and concluded, "It is precisely because American foreign policy is infused with an unusually high degree of morality that other nations find they have less to fear from its otherwise daunting power." (Italics added.)

It is hard to read these lines without irony in the wake of the global reaction to the Iraq war, which succeeded in uniting much of the world in a frenzy of anti-Americanism. The idea that the United States is a hegemon more benevolent than most is not an absurd one, but there were warning signs that things had changed in America's relationship to the world long before the start of the Iraq war. The structural imbalance in global power had grown enormous. America surpassed the rest of the world in every dimension of power by an unprecedented margin, with its defense spending nearly equal to that of the rest of the world combined. Already during the Clinton years, American economic hegemony had generated enormous hostility to an American-dominated process of globalization, frequently on the part of close democratic allies who thought the United States was seeking to impose its antistatist social model on them. 

There were other reasons as well why the world did not accept American benevolent hegemony. In the first place, it was premised on American exceptionalism, the idea that America could use its power in instances where others could not because it was more virtuous than other countries. The doctrine of pre-emption against terrorist threats contained in the 2002 National Security Strategy was one that could not safely be generalized through the international system; America would be the first country to object if Russia, China, India or France declared a similar right of unilateral action. The United States was seeking to pass judgment on others while being unwilling to have its own conduct questioned in places like the International Criminal Court. 

Another problem with benevolent hegemony was domestic. There are sharp limits to the American people's attention to foreign affairs and willingness to finance projects overseas that do not have clear benefits to American interests. Sept. 11 changed that calculus in many ways, providing popular support for two wars in the Middle East and large increases in defense spending. But the durability of the support is uncertain: although most Americans want to do what is necessary to make the project of rebuilding Iraq succeed, the aftermath of the invasion did not increase the public appetite for further costly interventions. Americans are not, at heart, an imperial people. Even benevolent hegemons sometimes have to act ruthlessly, and they need a staying power that does not come easily to people who are reasonably content with their own lives and society.

Finally, benevolent hegemony presumed that the hegemon was not only well intentioned but competent as well. Much of the criticism of the Iraq intervention from Europeans and others was not based on a normative case that the United States was not getting authorization from the United Nations Security Council, but rather on the belief that it had not made an adequate case for invading Iraq in the first place and didn't know what it was doing in trying to democratize Iraq. In this, the critics were unfortunately quite prescient. 

The most basic misjudgment was an overestimation of the threat facing the United States from radical Islamism. Although the new and ominous possibility of undeterrable terrorists armed with weapons of mass destruction did indeed present itself, advocates of the war wrongly conflated this with the threat presented by Iraq and with the rogue state/proliferation problem more generally. The misjudgment was based in part on the massive failure of the American intelligence community to correctly assess the state of Iraq's W.M.D. programs before the war. But the intelligence community never took nearly as alarmist a view of the terrorist/W.M.D. threat as the war's supporters did. Overestimation of this threat was then used to justify the elevation of preventive war to the centerpiece of a new security strategy, as well as a whole series of measures that infringed on civil liberties, from detention policy to domestic eavesdropping. 

What to Do

Now that the neoconservative moment appears to have passed, the United States needs to reconceptualize its foreign policy in several fundamental ways. In the first instance, we need to demilitarize what we have been calling the global war on terrorism and shift to other types of policy instruments. We are fighting hot counterinsurgency wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and against the international jihadist movement, wars in which we need to prevail. But "war" is the wrong metaphor for the broader struggle, since wars are fought at full intensity and have clear beginnings and endings. Meeting the jihadist challenge is more of a "long, twilight struggle" whose core is not a military campaign but a political contest for the hearts and minds of ordinary Muslims around the world. As recent events in France and Denmark suggest, Europe will be a central battleground in this fight. 

The United States needs to come up with something better than "coalitions of the willing" to legitimate its dealings with other countries. The world today lacks effective international institutions that can confer legitimacy on collective action; creating new organizations that will better balance the dual requirements of legitimacy and effectiveness will be the primary task for the coming generation. As a result of more than 200 years of political evolution, we have a relatively good understanding of how to create institutions that are rulebound, accountable and reasonably effective in the vertical silos we call states. What we do not have are adequate mechanisms of horizontal accountability among states.

The conservative critique of the United Nations is all too cogent: while useful for certain peacekeeping and nation-building operations, the United Nations lacks both democratic legitimacy and effectiveness in dealing with serious security issues. The solution is not to strengthen a single global body, but rather to promote what has been emerging in any event, a "multi-multilateral world" of overlapping and occasionally competing international institutions that are organized on regional or functional lines. Kosovo in 1999 was a model: when the Russian veto prevented the Security Council from acting, the United States and its NATO allies simply shifted the venue to NATO, where the Russians could not block action. 

The final area that needs rethinking, and the one that will be the most contested in the coming months and years, is the place of democracy promotion in American foreign policy. The worst legacy that could come from the Iraq war would be an anti-neoconservative backlash that coupled a sharp turn toward isolation with a cynical realist policy aligning the United States with friendly authoritarians. Good governance, which involves not just democracy but also the rule of law and economic development, is critical to a host of outcomes we desire, from alleviating poverty to dealing with pandemics to controlling violent conflicts. A Wilsonian policy that pays attention to how rulers treat their citizens is therefore right, but it needs to be informed by a certain realism that was missing from the thinking of the Bush administration in its first term and of its neoconservative allies.

We need in the first instance to understand that promoting democracy and modernization in the Middle East is not a solution to the problem of jihadist terrorism; in all likelihood it will make the short-term problem worse, as we have seen in the case of the Palestinian election bringing Hamas to power. Radical Islamism is a byproduct of modernization itself, arising from the loss of identity that accompanies the transition to a modern, pluralist society. It is no accident that so many recent terrorists, from Sept. 11's Mohamed Atta to the murderer of the Dutch filmmaker Theo van Gogh to the London subway bombers, were radicalized in democratic Europe and intimately familiar with all of democracy's blessings. More democracy will mean more alienation, radicalization and — yes, unfortunately — terrorism.

But greater political participation by Islamist groups is very likely to occur whatever we do, and it will be the only way that the poison of radical Islamism can ultimately work its way through the body politic of Muslim communities around the world. The age is long since gone when friendly authoritarians could rule over passive populations and produce stability indefinitely. New social actors are mobilizing everywhere, from Bolivia and Venezuela to South Africa and the Persian Gulf. A durable Israeli-Palestinian peace could not be built upon a corrupt, illegitimate Fatah that constantly had to worry about Hamas challenging its authority. Peace might emerge, sometime down the road, from a Palestine run by a formerly radical terrorist group that had been forced to deal with the realities of governing. 

If we are serious about the good governance agenda, we have to shift our focus to the reform, reorganization and proper financing of those institutions of the United States government that actually promote democracy, development and the rule of law around the world, organizations like the State Department, U.S.A.I.D., the National Endowment for Democracy and the like. The United States has played an often decisive role in helping along many recent democratic transitions, including in the Philippines in 1986; South Korea and Taiwan in 1987; Chile in 1988; Poland and Hungary in 1989; Serbia in 2000; Georgia in 2003; and Ukraine in 2004-5. But the overarching lesson that emerges from these cases is that the United States does not get to decide when and where democracy comes about. By definition, outsiders can't "impose" democracy on a country that doesn't want it; demand for democracy and reform must be domestic. Democracy promotion is therefore a long-term and opportunistic process that has to await the gradual ripening of political and economic conditions to be effective. 

The Bush administration has been walking — indeed, sprinting — away from the legacy of its first term, as evidenced by the cautious multilateral approach it has taken toward the nuclear programs of Iran and North Korea. Condoleezza Rice gave a serious speech in January about "transformational diplomacy" and has begun an effort to reorganize the nonmilitary side of the foreign-policy establishment, and the National Security Strategy document is being rewritten. All of these are welcome changes, but the legacy of the Bush first-term foreign policy and its neoconservative supporters has been so polarizing that it is going to be hard to have a reasoned debate about how to appropriately balance American ideals and interests in the coming years. The reaction against a flawed policy can be as damaging as the policy itself, and such a reaction is an indulgence we cannot afford, given the critical moment we have arrived at in global politics. 

Neoconservatism, whatever its complex roots, has become indelibly associated with concepts like coercive regime change, unilateralism and American hegemony. What is needed now are new ideas, neither neoconservative nor realist, for how America is to relate to the rest of the world — ideas that retain the neoconservative belief in the universality of human rights, but without its illusions about the efficacy of American power and hegemony to bring these ends about.

Francis Fukuyama teaches at the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University. This essay is adapted from his book "America at the Crossroads," which will be published this month by Yale University Press.

In the United States, the need to create external enemies has served the purposes of the exploitative party. 1% of the population controls incredible wealth, while the rest of the  99% suffers in a hard struggle for existence. The need to control the masses is obvious. The "neocons" were determined to control the American people by following Trotsky's example: perpetual war for perpetual security. Peace at home through war abroad. As we have seen,  control is exerted through various means, the most powerful of which is myth-making and propaganda. 

It is not my interest to enter deeply into any political discussion. I am merely making observations about the nature of mythology, marketing, propaganda and disinformation.

Science is supposed to be based on observation. Since observations must be unbiased and free from influence, scientists try to be "objective." And yet in the interest of being "objective" scientists often deny the most basic and self-evident truths of our existence: the permanence of consciousness. The permanence of consciousness hints at the immortality of the soul. If soul is immortal, what does this imply about metaphysical reality. 

If metaphysical reality exits, how are we to balance our perception of material reality with our innate experience of transcendental reality? 

This is the deepest question we have. And yet, influenced by misinformation, by propaganda and the appealing mythology of exploitation, we forget to ask this question. Seduced by the phantasms of temporary gratification we deny the existence of the soul.